Small molecule inhibitors of fibrosis

ABSTRACT

Described herein are compounds and compositions for the treatment of a fibrotic disease.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 61/832,768, filed Jun. 7, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fibrosis, generally defined as the production of excessive amounts of connective tissue, develops as a consequence of diverse underlying diseases. Chronic inflammation or tissue damage/remodeling are typical fibrosis inducing events. Specific disease examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), liver fibrosis associated with the later stages of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and keloid formation resulting from abnormal wound healing [Wynn, T. A. (2004) Nature Reviews Immunology. 4: 583-594; Friedman, S. L. (2013) Science Translation Medicine. 5(167):1-17]. Additionally, fibrosis is a key pathological feature associated with chronic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma. Diseases representing a dire unmet medical need include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), scleroderma and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) related liver fibrosis. The increased incidence of NASH related liver fibrosis is expected to directly parallel those of type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Scleroderma is a rare chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with dense, thick fibrous tissue. While the exact underlying cause of scleroderma is unknown, the disease generally involves immune cell mediated activation of dermal myofibroblasts leading to the deposition of excessive amounts of extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., type I collagen) that causes a thickening of the skin and in some cases the hardening and eventual failure of multiple organs. At present, there is no cure for scleroderma. Treatment is limited to attempts to manage symptoms and typically requires a combination of approaches. While scleroderma localized to the skin is typically not life threatening, systemic scleroderma affecting multiple internal organs can be a life-threatening disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis, a disorder characterized by fibrosis, or a disease characterized by fibrosis, the method comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof:

wherein:

-   -   A¹ and A² are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl;     -   B is

-   -   C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl or         optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, wherein the         heterocyclyl or the heteroaryl contains 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms;     -   D is aryl or heteroaryl;     -   E is aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, hetercyclyl, or alkyl;     -   each R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl,         haloalkyl, or alkoxy;     -   X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from N and CR⁵;     -   R⁵ is H, OH, alkyl, or alkoxy;     -   each R⁶ is independently alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, alkoxy,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), or aryl; each R8 is independently selected         from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halo, hydroxy, nitrile,         azido, nitro, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,         alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), -alkylene(cycloalkyl),         -alkylene(heterocyclyl), aryl, heteroaryl, —SR¹³, —SOR¹³,         —SO₂R¹³, —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴,         —NR¹³C(O)OR¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, and         —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; or two adjacent R⁸ form a heterocyclyl ring;     -   each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,         alkoxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;         or R¹³ and R¹⁴ taken together form a heterocycle with the atoms         to which they are attached;     -   Y¹ and Y² are independently selected from O, CH₂, NH, and NR¹³;     -   n is 1, 2, or 3;     -   m is 1 or 2;     -   p is 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   q is 1, 2, or 3;     -   r is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8;     -   s is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and     -   v is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), X₁ and X₂ are N

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), X₁ is CR⁵ and X₂ is N.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), X₁ is N and X₂ is CR⁵.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), q is 1 and r is 0.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A¹ is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A¹ is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A¹ is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A¹ is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, or triazine.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is

and

-   -   R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl).

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is

and R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl).

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is

and R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl).

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is alkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is

and u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is selected from:

-   -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, W⁵, W⁶, and W⁷ are independently selected from N         and CR⁹;     -   Z¹ is NR¹², S, or O;     -   Z² is N or CR⁹;     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂,         alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl),         —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;     -   each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently selected from H and alkyl; or         R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together form a heterocycle with the nitrogen         to which they are attached; and     -   R¹² is H, alkyl or haloalkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is selected from:

-   -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, and W⁵ are independently selected from N and         CR⁹;     -   W⁶ is N or C; and     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂,         alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl),         —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), Y¹ and Y² are O.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), m is 1.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), p is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), p is 1.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.

Further provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis using a compound of Formula (I) wherein the fibrosis is liver fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, or cardiac fibrosis.

Further provided herein is a method to treat liver fibrosis using a compound of Formula (I) wherein the liver fibrosis is associated with the later stages of alcoholic or nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis.

Further provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis using a compound of Formula (I) wherein the fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Further provided herein is a method to treat a disease using a compound of Formula (I) wherein the disease or disorder characterized by fibrosis is a chronic autoimmune disease.

Further provided herein is a method to treat chronic autoimmune disease using a compound of Formula (I) wherein the chronic autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Crohn's disease or systemic lupus erythematosus.

Further provided herein is a method to treat chronic autoimmune disease using a compound of Formula (I) wherein the chronic autoimmune disease is scleroderma.

Further provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis using a compound of Formula (I) wherein the fibrosis is keloid formation resulting from abnormal wound healing.

Further provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis using a compound of Formula (I) wherein the fibrosis occurs after organ transplantation.

Also provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis, a disorder characterized by fibrosis, or a disease characterized by fibrosis, the method comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein in combination with one or more pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments described above, the one or more pharmaceutical agents are antifibrotic agents. In certain embodiments described above, the one or more pharmaceutical agents are antifungal agents.

In one aspect, provided herein are compounds of Formula (II), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof:

wherein:

-   -   A¹ and A² are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl;     -   B is

-   -   C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl or         optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, wherein the         heterocyclyl or the heteroaryl contains 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms;     -   D is aryl or heteroaryl;     -   E is aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, hetercyclyl, or alkyl;     -   each R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl,         haloalkyl, or alkoxy;     -   X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from N and CR⁵;     -   R⁵ is H, OH, alkyl, or alkoxy;     -   each R⁶ is independently alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, alkoxy,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), or aryl;     -   R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl);     -   each R8 is independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, halo, hydroxy, nitrile, azido, nitro, alkoxy,         haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), -alkylene(cycloalkyl),         -alkylene(heterocyclyl), aryl, heteroaryl, —SR¹³, —SOR¹³,         —SO₂R¹³, —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴,         —NR¹³C(O)OR¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, and         —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; or two adjacent R⁸ form a heterocyclyl ring;     -   each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,         alkoxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;         or R¹³ and R¹⁴ taken together form a heterocycle with the atoms         to which they are attached;     -   Y¹ and Y² are independently selected from O, CH₂, NH, and NR¹³;     -   n is 1, 2, or 3;     -   m is 1 or 2;     -   p is 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   q is 1, 2, or 3;     -   r is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8;     -   s is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;     -   v is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   provided that:     -   if X₁ and X₂ are N, r is 0, q is 1, A¹ and A² are phenyl, Y¹ and         Y² are O, m and n are 1, R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen, and C         is

then D is not

and

the compound is not 4-(4-(4-(4-((2-((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), X₁ and X₂ are N.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), X₁ is CR⁵ and X₂ is N.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), X₁ is N and X₂ is CR⁵.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), q is 1 and r is 0.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A¹ is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A¹ is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A¹ is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A¹ is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), C is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), C is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), C is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is alkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is

and u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II),

-   -   E is selected from:

-   -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, W⁵, W⁶, and W⁷ are independently selected from N         and CR⁹;     -   Z¹ is NR¹², S, or O;     -   Z² is N or CR⁹;     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂,         alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl),         —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;     -   each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently selected from H and alkyl; or         R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together form a heterocycle with the nitrogen         to which they are attached; and     -   R¹² is H, alkyl or haloalkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II),

-   -   D is selected from

-   -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, W⁵, W⁶, and W⁷ are independently selected from N         and CR⁹;     -   W⁶ is N or C; and     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂,         alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl),         —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), Y¹ and Y² are O.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), m is 1.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), p is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), p is 1.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.

Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (II) or as described above and below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Further disclosed herein, in some embodiments, are an image-based systems for identifying inhibitors of fibrosis. In some embodiments, the system comprises (a) one or more fibroblasts; and (b) a cell imaging device for producing one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device comprises a fluorescent microscope. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device comprises CCD camera technology. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device is automated. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device is manually operated. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device is thermoelectrically cooled.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a light source. In some embodiments, the light source is an LED.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a scanner.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a computer.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more memory locations for storing and/or receiving the one or more images. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more memory locations for storing and/or receiving one or more instructions for producing the one or more images.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for analyzing the one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for processing the one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for transmitting the one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more software programs for capturing, producing, analyzing, scanning, storing, and/or trasmitting the one or more images.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more barcode readers for reading one or more barcodes on one or more samples comprising the one or more cells.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more robots for handling one or more samples comprising the one or more cells. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more robots for treating one or more samples comprising the one or more cells with one or more agents.

In some embodiments, the one or more agents comprise TGF-beta. In some embodiments, the one or more agents comprise one or more test agents.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for identifying the one or more test agents as inhibitors of fibrosis. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for ranking the inhibitors of fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more algorithms. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze a morphology of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze a morphology of the one or more fibroblasts contacted with the one or more agents. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze an intensity of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze an fluorescence intensity of the one or more fibroblasts.

In some embodiments, the cell imaging device comprises a CellInsight NXT High Content Screening (HCS) platform.

In some embodiments, the one or more fibroblasts are hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).

Further disclosed herein, are methods of identifying inhibitors of fibrosis. In some embodiments, the method comprises (a) contacting a first sample comprising one or more fibroblasts with a cellular growth agent; (b) contacting a second sample comprising one or more fibroblasts with the cellular growth agent and a first test agent; (c) producing one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts of the first sample and one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts of the second sample; and (d) determining whether the first test agent is an inhibitor of fibrosis based on an analysis of the one or more images of the first sample and the one or more images of the second sample.

In some embodiments, the cellular growth agent is a growth factor. In some embodiments, the cellular growth agent is transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b).

In some embodiments, the first test agent is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the first test agent is a bioactive small molecule.

In some embodiments, the second sample is contacted with the cellular growth agent and the first test agent simultaneously. In some embodiments, the second sample is contacted with the cellular growth agent and the first test agent sequentially. In some embodiments, the second sample is contacted with the cellular growth agent prior to contact with the first test agent. In some embodiments, the second sample is contacted with the first test agent prior to contact with the cellular growth agent.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises one or more additional samples comprising one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the first sample, second sample, and/or one or more additional samples are from the same source. In some embodiments, the first sample, second sample, and/or one or more additional samples are from two or more different sources.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises contacting the one or more additional samples with the cellular growth agent and one or more additional test agents.

In some embodiments, the one or more images of the first sample and the one or more images of the second sample are captured simultaneously. In some embodiments, the one or more images of the first sample and the one or more images of the second sample are captured sequentially.

In some embodiments, the one or more fibroblasts of the first sample are cultured in one or more wells on a first culture plate. In some embodiments, the one or more fibroblasts of the second sample are cultured on one or more wells on a second culture plate. In some embodiments, the one or more fibroblasts of the one or more additional samples are cultured on one or more wells on one or more additional culture plates.

In some embodiments, the first culture plate and the second culture plate are different. In some embodiments, the first culture plate, the second culture plate, and/or the one or more additional culture plates are different.

In some embodiments, the first culture plate and the second culture plate are the same. In some embodiments, the first culture plate, the second culture plate, and/or the one or more additional culture plates are the same.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises contacting the one or more fibroblasts of the first sample and/or the one or more fibroblasts of the second sample with a third agent. In some embodiments, the method further comprises contacting the one or more fibroblasts of the one or more additional samples with a third agent.

In some embodiments, the third agent is an antibody. In some embodiments, the third agent is an anti-smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibody.

In some embodiments, the one or more images of the first sample and/or the one or more images of the second sample are based on the images of the one or more fibroblasts contacted with the third agent. In some embodiments, the one or more images of the one or more additional samples are based on the images of the one or more fibroblasts contacted with the third agent.

In some embodiments, producing the one or more images comprises the use of one or more cell imaging devices. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device comprises a CellInsight NXT High Content Screening (HCS) platform.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises one or more algorithms. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze a morphology of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze a morphology of the one or more fibroblasts contacted with the one or more agents. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze an intensity of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze an fluorescence intensity of the one or more fibroblasts.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises detecting transdifferentation of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, transdifferentiation of the one or more fibroblasts comprises transdifferentiation into one or more myofibroblasts.

In some embodiments, determining whether the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis is based on a comparison of the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample to the myofibroblasts composition in the second sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the second sample is less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the second sample is at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the second sample is at least about 1.5-, 2-, 2.5-, 3-, 3.5-, 4-, 4.5-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, or 15-fold less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining whether the one or more additional test agents are inhibitors of fibrosis. In some embodiments, determining whether the one or more additional test agents is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis is based on a comparison of the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample to the myofibroblasts composition in the one or more additional samples. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the one or more additional samples is less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the one or more additional samples is at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the one or more additional samples is at least about 1.5-, 2-, 2.5-, 3-, 3.5-, 4-, 4.5-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, or 15-fold less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 describes a high content imaging assay, based on α-SMA staining and cell morphological changes associated with fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation that has been established using primary human lung fibroblasts and primary rodent HSCs. Conditions, involving serum starvation and subsequent TGF-β treatment, have been identified that facilitate robust in vitro transdifferentiation in a miniaturized (384 well plate) format that is amenable to high throughput small molecule screening. A selective ALK-5 TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor (SB-431542) is used as a positive control.

FIG. 2 describes Itraconazole inhibiting Myofibroblast differentiation in multiple cell types in vitro. Preparations of primary cardiac, pulmonary, or dermal fibroblasts and HSCs were tested for responsiveness to TGFβ. Cells were analyzed for myofibroblast morphology by staining for smooth muscle actin. ALK5 inhibitor (SB-431542) used as a positive control. Itraconazole (Itra, 2.5 μM) inhibits myofibroblast differentiation in fibroblasts derived from lung, heart, skin or liver (HSCs).

FIG. 3 describes Itraconazole inhibiting Myofibroblast differentiation in multiple cell types in vitro. Preparations of primary cardiac, pulmonary, or dermal fibroblasts and HSCs were tested for responsiveness to TGFβ. qRT-PCR profiling and western blot analysis of multiple fibrosis-related genes used to confirm in-vitro activity. Pharmacological studies support dual inhibition MOA (VEGF, Hh signaling).

FIG. 4 shows the efficacy of Itraconazole in rodent PoC studies in Liver (CCl4) and lung (Bleomycin) models. Using pirfenidone and AM-152 as benchmarks, itraconazole was demonstrated to have equal or superior efficacy in carbon tetrachloride-induce liver fibrosis and bleomycin-induced lung and skin fibrosis mouse models.

FIG. 5 shows data obtained from a myofibroblast activation imaging-based assay: (a) analysis of cells for mean cellular area of SMA staining; (b) analysis of cells for mean fluorescence intensity of SMA staining.

FIG. 6 shows Western blot analyses of fibrosis-related proteins in cells exposed to TGFβ and itraconazole.

FIG. 7 shows gene expression analysis of human lung fibroblasts treated with itraconazole: (a) data analysis expressed as fold regulation relative to a sample not treated with TGF-β1; (b) raw data from the fibrosis-focused RT2 Profiler PCR Array.

FIG. 8 shows qPCR analysis of Hedgehog related genes in rat hepatic stellate cells treated with itraconazole: (a) relative levels of PTCH1 mRNA; (b) relative levels of GLI1 mRNA; (c) raw data for both qPCR experiments.

FIG. 9 shows western blot analyses of COL1-GFP HSCs after knockdown of Smoothened.

FIG. 10 shows western blot analysis of VEGFR2 migration pattern after treatment with itraconazole.

FIG. 11 shows western blot analysis of rat hepatic stellate cells treated with combinations of VEGFR and Hedgehog inhibiting compounds.

FIG. 12 shows activity of itraconazole and compound 42 in a hedgehog reporter assay: (a) relative GLI-LUC activity of TM3-GLI-LUC cells exposed to 10 nM SAG and indicated doses of inhibitor; (b) relative GLI-LUC activity of TM3-GLI-LUC cells exposed to 400 nM SAG and indicated doses of inhibitor.

FIG. 13 shows western blot analyses of LX2 human hepatic stellate cells after knockdown of VEFGR1, VEGFR2, or SMO.

FIG. 14 shows the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model study design for the evaluation of compound 42 and itraconazole.

FIG. 15 shows evaluation of compound 42 and itraconazole in the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model: (a) mean Ashcroft scores of mice exposed to bleomycin and the indicated doses of drug; (b) graphical representation of model used to evaluate anti-fibrotic drugs; (c) representative images of Masson's trichrome stained lung from indicated treatment groups.

FIG. 16 shows characterization of the modified Ashcroft scoring system.

FIG. 17 shows quantification of histology data from evaluation of compound 42 and itraconazole in the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model: (a) mean Ashcroft scores; (b) mean percent stained area values.

FIG. 18 shows the carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model study design for the evaluation of compound 42 and itraconazole.

FIG. 19 shows evaluation of compound 42 and itraconazole in the carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model: (a) total percent area positive for Sirius Red staining; (b) numerical data of the image analysis of the CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis model; (c) representative images of Sirius Red stained liver sections of the CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis model; (d) western blot analysis.

FIG. 20 shows rodent wound healing model study design for the evaluation of compound 42 and itraconazole.

FIG. 21 shows study results from the evaluation of compound 42 and itraconazole in the rodent wound healing model.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Fibrosis represents a critically important yet surprisingly neglected health problem. Nearly 45% of all natural deaths in the Western world are attributed to chronic fibroproliferative diseases. However, there is currently only one clinically approved drug (Pirfenidone) that specifically targets the pathogenesis of fibrosis and is directly indicated for the treatment of a fibrotic disease. Fibrosis affects nearly every tissue in the body and, when highly progressive, can lead to organ malfunction and death. Clearly, the identification of novel anti-fibrotic drugs represents an unmet medical need that would have significant beneficial impact on patients in multiple disease populations. In addition, at present there is no cure for scleroderma and treatment is limited to symptom management.

Fibrosis, generally defined as the production of excessive amounts of connective tissue, develops as a consequence of diverse underlying diseases. Chronic inflammation or tissue damage/remodeling are typical fibrosis inducing events. Fibrosis affects nearly every tissue in the body and, when highly progressive, can lead to organ malfunction and death. Specific disease examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); liver fibrosis associated with the later stages of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis; kidney fibrosis; cardiac fibrosis; and keloid formation resulting from abnormal wound healing. Additionally, fibrosis is a key pathological feature associated with chronic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Crohn's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. As such, fibrosis represents a critically important yet surprisingly neglected health problem. Indeed, nearly 45% of all natural deaths in the Western world are attributed to chronic fibroproliferative diseases. However, at present, there is only one clinically approved drug (Pirfenidone, approved for the treatment of IPF in Europe only) that specifically targets the pathogenesis of fibrosis and is directly indicated for the treatment of a fibrotic disease. Unfortunately, Pirfenidone has significant liver and GI side effects, and patients treated with Pirfenidone are advised to avoid direct sunlight exposure, as it is known to cause photosensitivity reactions leading to rash, dry skin or pruritus. Recently, lysophosphatidic acid 1 (LPA1) antagonists (e.g., AM-152) have been demonstrated to be efficacious in preclinical models of IPF. However, clinical efficacy remains to be demonstrated for AM-152. Clearly, the identification of novel anti-fibrotic drugs represents a major unmet medical need that would have significant beneficial impact on patients in multiple disease populations.

Despite the diversity of diseases and triggers that can initiate a fibrotic process in a given tissue or organ, common biochemical and cellular mechanisms occur in all instances studied to date. Following injury or inflammatory insult, resident fibroblasts (in some cases recruited bone marrow-derived circulating fibrocytes or epithelial cells that have undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) are activated and “transdifferentiate” into α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expressing myofibroblasts that secrete the extracellular matrix (ECM) components required for wound repair. In the case of liver fibrosis, a resident pericyte population termed a quiescent hepatic stellate cell (HSC) “transdifferentiates” into a type I collagen producing α-SMA expressing fibrogenic “activated” HSC. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mediated Smad 3/4 signaling commonly drives the transdifferentiation of resident fibroblasts or HSCs to myofibroblasts or activated HSCs and stimulates production of ECM components in the latter populations. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) also serves as a common pro-fibrotic cytokine that drives cell activation and proliferation.

One therapeutic approach for the treatment of progressive fibrosis diseases is to target one of the multitudes of complex causative immunological processes. This approach is limited by a lack of mechanistic clarity and potential exacerbation of the underlying disease. An attractive alternative approach for the treatment of diverse fibrotic diseases is to directly target the transdifferentiation pathway responsible for interconversion of quiescent fibroblasts and activated pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts. Drugs capable of blocking the conversion of fibroblasts to activated myofibroblasts could be administered prophylactically following injury or insult (e.g., myocardial infaction) or therapeutically in the early stages of disease in organs capable of repair (e.g., liver fibrosis, IPF or scleroderma). Direct suppressors of TGF-β1 production (e.g., Pirfenidone) are not ideal candidates for chronic dosing and are especially undesirable for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, as they have the potential to exacerbate autoimmune responses. Alternatively, drugs capable of inducing the reversion of existing myofibroblasts to a quiescent cell fate would have broad applicability for the treatment of fibrosis in multiple tissue types and could potentially be efficacious at later stages of disease.

High content imaging assays have been established, using primary human lung fibroblasts and primary rodent HSCs, that enable the identification of small molecules that either inhibit myofibroblast formation/activation or induce the reversion of activated myofibroblasts to a quiescent fibroblast state. Conditions, involving serum starvation and subsequent TGF-β treatment, have been identified that facilitate robust in vitro transdifferentiation in a miniaturized (384 well plate) format that is amenable to high throughput small molecule screening. The inhibition assay is based on α-SMA immunofluorescent staining and cell morphology changes associated with fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation, Using the selective ALK-5 TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor (SB-43154) as a positive control, the inhibition assay has been used to initiate a screen of a collection of ˜100,000 small molecules that consists of bioactive small molecules and a diversity set that has been assembled based on 2D and 3D structural diversity and inherent “drug-likeness” properties. Preliminary screening led to the identification of multiple previously identified anti-fibrotic molecules. The majority of these have limited clinical utility, as a result of known off target toxicity issues or demonstrated lack of in vivo efficacy. However, in addition to these, the triazole antifungal agent Itraconazole was identified as a highly efficacious inhibitor of myofibroblast formation (at doses well below those associated with toxicity in fibroblasts or other control cell types).

The activity of Itraconazole was confirmed in vitro by analyzing expression changes in multiple genes associated with fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation using biochemical methods (i.e., Western blot and RT-PCR). Using pharmacological methods, the mechanistic basis for the anti-fibrotic activity of this molecule has been established as dual inhibition of hedgehog signaling and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEFG) receptor glycosylation/trafficking (neither activity alone is sufficient). Encouragingly, it was established that the activity of Itraconazole translates to both human and rodent cell types, as well as to cells derived from multiple tissue types (e.g., lung, liver, skin, heart). Using Pirfenidone and AM-152 as benchmark control compounds, Itraconazole was demonstrated to have efficacy in both bleomycin-induced lung and carbon tetrachloride-induce liver fibrosis mouse models. As such, the FDA approved drug Itraconazole has been identified as a novel lead for the development of a new class of drugs for the treatment of multiple fibrosis related diseases.

A potential limitation to the use of this drug as an anti-fibrotic, especially for the treatment of liver fibrosis, is a known liver toxicity profile that is associated with coordination of heme iron by N4 of the 1,2,4 triazole moiety, leading to inhibition of P450 enzymes (most notably Cyp3A4), an activity distinct from the VEGF and Hgh activity of itraconazole. As such, medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at identifying optimized Itraconazole analogues with favorable liver toxicity profiles and further improvements in anti-fibrotic efficacy have been initiated. From an initial panel of ˜30 Itraconazole analogues, in which the pKa of N4 is reduced or N4 nitrogen is substituted with carbon, several candidate leads have been identified wherein Cyp inhibition activity is eliminated and in vitro anti-fibrotic activity is retained. Notably, the pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds are comparable to those of the parent compound. Based on observed in vitro activity, in vivo efficacy, rodent serum exposure and human exposure data, it is anticipated that a 5-fold improvement in efficacy and/or exposure is desirable for the final clinical candidate. A preliminary structure activity relationship study has revealed that potency enhancement can be achieved by making modifications at sites distal to the triazole substituent. Chemistry efforts are ongoing and will be used to optimize efficacy, exposure (C_(max) >5-fold in vitro EC₅₀) and toxicity profiles (based on human off-target panel profiling, hERG and AMES in vitro toxicity assays, and Cyp induction/inhibition assays). Reproducible disease modifying activity, i.e., efficacy equal to or greater than that of existing (pirfenidone) or potential future (AM-152) standards of care, will be demonstrated for an optimized Itraconazole analogue, using both lung and liver rodent fibrosis models.

DEFINITIONS

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” Further, headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Also, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

The terms below, as used herein, have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise:

“Amino” refers to the —NH₂ radical.

“Cyano” or “nitrile” refers to the —CN radical.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the —OH radical.

“Nitro” refers to the —NO₂ radical.

“Oxo” refers to the ═O substituent.

“Oxime” refers to the ═N—OH substituent.

“Thioxo” refers to the ═S substituent.

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical, has from one to thirty carbon atoms, and is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Alkyls comprising any number of carbon atoms from 1 to 30 are included. An alkyl comprising up to 30 carbon atoms is referred to as a C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, likewise, for example, an alkyl comprising up to 12 carbon atoms is a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl. Alkyls (and other moieties defined herein) comprising other numbers of carbon atoms are represented similarly. Alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₅ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ alkyl and C₄-C₈ alkyl. Representative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, vinyl, allyl, propynyl, and the like. Alkyl comprising unsaturations include alkenyl and alkynyl groups. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain, as described for alkyl above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylene group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Aryl” refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising hydrogen, 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. Aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, aryl radicals derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems of aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted.

“Cycloalkyl” or “carbocycle” refers to a stable, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring, which may include fused or bridged ring systems, which is saturated or unsaturated. Representative cycloalkyls or carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyls having from three to fifteen carbon atoms, from three to ten carbon atoms, from three to eight carbon atoms, from three to six carbon atoms, from three to five carbon atoms, or three to four carbon atoms. Monocyclic cycloalkyls or carbocycles include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyls or carbocycles include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octane, bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, cis-decalin, trans-decalin, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, and bicyclo[3.3.2]decane, and 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl or carbocycle group may be optionally substituted. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, the following moieties:

and the like.

“Fused” refers to any ring structure described herein which is fused to an existing ring structure. When the fused ring is a heterocyclyl ring or a heteroaryl ring, any carbon atom on the existing ring structure which becomes part of the fused heterocyclyl ring or the fused heteroaryl ring may be replaced with a nitrogen atom.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Haloalkoxy” similarly refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(a) where R_(a) is a haloalkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic ring” or “heterocycle” refers to a stable 3- to 24-membered non-aromatic ring radical comprising 2 to 23 carbon atoms and from one to 8 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical may be partially or fully saturated. Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, azetidinyl, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, 21-crown-7, aza-18-crown-6, diaza-18-crown-6, aza-21-crown-7, and diaza-21-crown-7. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted. Illustrative examples of heterocycloalkyl groups, also referred to as non-aromatic heterocycles, include:

and the like. The term heterocycloalkyl also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides. Unless otherwise noted, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring. It is understood that when referring to the number of carbon atoms in a heterocycloalkyl, the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycloalkyl is not the same as the total number of atoms (including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocycloalkyl (i.e. skeletal atoms of the heterocycloalkyl ring). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to optionally substituted aromatic monoradicals containing from about five to about twenty skeletal ring atoms, where one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom independently selected from among oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, silicon, selenium and tin but not limited to these atoms and with the proviso that the ring of said group does not contain two adjacent O or S atoms. In embodiments in which two or more heteroatoms are present in the ring, the two or more heteroatoms can be the same as each another, or some or all of the two or more heteroatoms can each be different from the others. The term heteroaryl includes optionally substituted fused and non-fused heteroaryl radicals having at least one heteroatom. The term heteroaryl also includes fused and non-fused heteroaryls having from five to about twelve skeletal ring atoms, as well as those having from five to about ten skeletal ring atoms. Bonding to a heteroaryl group can be via a carbon atom or a heteroatom. Thus, as a non-limiting example, an imidiazole group may be attached to a parent molecule via any of its carbon atoms (imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl), or its nitrogen atoms (imidazol-1-yl or imidazol-3-yl). Likewise, a heteroaryl group may be further substituted via any or all of its carbon atoms, and/or any or all of its heteroatoms. A fused heteroaryl radical may contain from two to four fused rings where the ring of attachment is a heteroaromatic ring and the other individual rings may be alicyclic, heterocyclic, aromatic, heteroaromatic or any combination thereof. A non-limiting example of a single ring heteroaryl group includes pyridyl; fused ring heteroaryl groups include benzimidazolyl, quinolinyl, acridinyl; and a non-fused bi-heteroaryl group includes bipyridinyl. Further examples of heteroaryls include, without limitation, furanyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, indolizinyl, isothiazolyl, isoindolyloxadiazolyl, indazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, purinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, thiadiazolyl and the like, and their oxides, such as for example pyridyl-N-oxide. Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groups include the following moieties:

and the like.

The heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo [b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl).

All the above groups may be either substituted or unsubstituted. The term “substituted” as used herein means any of the above groups (e.g, alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl and/or heteroaryl) may be further functionalized wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non-hydrogen atom substituent. Unless stated specifically in the specification, a substituted group may include one or more substituents selected from: oxo, amino, —CO₂H, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, thiooxy, alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, trialkylammonium (—N⁺R₃), N-oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as trialkylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, triarylsilyl groups, perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkoxy, for example, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy. “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a higher-order bond (e.g., a double- or triple-bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; and nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. For example, “substituted” includes any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —NH₂, —NR_(g)C(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —NR_(g)C(═O)OR_(h), —NR_(g)SO₂R_(h), —OC(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —OR_(g), —SR_(g), —SOR_(B), —SO₂R_(g), —OSO₂R_(g), —SO₂OR_(g), ═NSO₂R_(g), and —SO₂NR_(g)R_(h). In the foregoing, R_(g) and R_(h) are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl. In addition, each of the foregoing substituents may also be optionally substituted with one or more of the above substituents. Furthermore, any of the above groups may be substituted to include one or more internal oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. For example, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more internal oxygen atoms to form an ether or polyether group. Similarity, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more internal sulfur atoms to form a thioether, disulfide, etc.

The term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl” means either “alkyl” or “substituted alkyl” as defined above. Further, an optionally substituted group may be un-substituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₃), fully substituted (e.g., —CF₂CF₃), mono-substituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₂F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and mono-substituted (e.g., —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CH₃, —CFHCHF₂, etc). It will be understood by those skilled in the art with respect to any group containing one or more substituents that such groups are not intended to introduce any substitution or substitution patterns (e.g., substituted alkyl includes optionally substituted cycloalkyl groups, which in turn are defined as including optionally substituted alkyl groups, potentially ad infinitum) that are sterically impractical and/or synthetically non-feasible. Thus, any substituents described should generally be understood as having a maximum molecular weight of about 1,000 daltons, and more typically, up to about 500 daltons.

An “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound administered to a mammalian subject, either as a single dose or as part of a series of doses, which is effective to produce a desired therapeutic effect.

“Treatment” of an individual (e.g. a mammal, such as a human) or a cell is any type of intervention used in an attempt to alter the natural course of the individual or cell. In some embodiments, treatment includes administration of a pharmaceutical composition, subsequent to the initiation of a pathologic event or contact with an etiologic agent and includes stabilization of the condition (e.g., condition does not worsen) or alleviation of the condition. In other embodiments, treatment also includes prophylactic treatment (e.g., administration of a composition described herein when an individual is suspected to be suffering from a bacterial infection).

A “tautomer” refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule. The compounds presented herein may exist as tautomers. Tautomers are compounds that are interconvertible by migration of a hydrogen atom, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond. In bonding arrangements where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will exist. All tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are contemplated. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Some examples of tautomeric interconversions include:

A “metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of that compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized. The term “active metabolite” refers to a biologically active derivative of a compound that is formed when the compound is metabolized. The term “metabolized,” as used herein, refers to the sum of the processes (including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactions catalyzed by enzymes, such as, oxidation reactions) by which a particular substance is changed by an organism. Thus, enzymes may produce specific structural alterations to a compound. For example, cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidative and reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule to aromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and free sulfhydryl groups. Further information on metabolism may be obtained from The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill (1996). Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein can be identified either by administration of compounds to a host and analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation of compounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resulting compounds. Both methods are well known in the art. In some embodiments, metabolites of a compound are formed by oxidative processes and correspond to the corresponding hydroxy-containing compound. In some embodiments, a compound is metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites.

Compounds

In one aspect, provided herein are compounds of Formula (II), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof:

wherein:

-   -   A¹ and A² are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl;     -   B is

-   -   C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl or         optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, wherein the         heterocyclyl or the heteroaryl contains 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms;     -   D is aryl or heteroaryl;     -   E is aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, hetercyclyl, or alkyl;     -   each R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl,         haloalkyl, or alkoxy;     -   X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from N and CR⁵;     -   R⁵ is H, OH, alkyl, or alkoxy;     -   each R⁶ is independently alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, alkoxy,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), or aryl;     -   R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl);     -   each R8 is independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, halo, hydroxy, nitrile, azido, nitro, alkoxy,         haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), -alkylene(cycloalkyl),         -alkylene(heterocyclyl), aryl, heteroaryl, —SR¹³, —SOR¹³,         —SO₂R¹³, —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴,         —NR¹³C(O)OR¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, and         —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; or two adjacent R⁸ form a heterocyclyl ring;     -   each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,         alkoxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;         or R¹³ and R¹⁴ taken together form a heterocycle with the atoms         to which they are attached;     -   Y¹ and Y² are independently selected from O, CH₂, NH, and NR¹³;     -   n is 1, 2, or 3;     -   m is 1 or 2;     -   p is 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   q is 1, 2, or 3;     -   r is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8;     -   s is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;     -   v is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   provided that:     -   if X₁ and X₂ are N; r is 0; q is 1; A¹ and A² are phenyl; Y¹ and         Y² are O; m and n are 1; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen; and C         is

then D is not

and

the compound is not 4-(4-(4-(4-((2-((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), X₁ and X₂ are N.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), X₁ is CR⁵ and X₂ is N.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), X₁ is N and X₂ is CR⁵.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), q is 1 and r is 0.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A¹ is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A¹ is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A¹ is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A¹ is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), A² is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, or triazinyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), C is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), C is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), C is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is alkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is

and u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), E is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II),

-   -   E is selected from:

-   -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, W⁵, W⁶, and W⁷ are independently selected from N         and CR⁹;     -   Z¹ is NR¹², S, or O;     -   Z² is N or CR⁹;     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂,         alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl),         —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;     -   each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently selected from H and alkyl; or         R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together form a heterocycle with the nitrogen         to which they are attached; and     -   R¹² is H, alkyl or haloalkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II),

-   -   D is selected from

-   -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, and W⁵ are independently selected from N and         CR⁹;     -   W⁶ is N or C; and     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂,         alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl),         —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), D is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), Y¹ and Y² are O.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), m is 1.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), p is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), p is 1.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (II), R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.

Further provided here is a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject one or more compounds identified herein. The disease or condition may be a fibrosis. The fibrosis may be liver fibrosis. The liver fibrosis may be idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Further provided here is a method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject one or more compounds identified here. The disease or condition may be a fibrosis. The fibrosis may be a chronic autoimmune disease. The chronic autoimmune disease may be rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Crohn's disease, or systemic lupus erythematosus.

Preparation of Compounds

Described herein are compounds that treat fibrosis, a disorder characterized by fibrosis, or a disease characterized by fibrosis, and processes for their preparation. Also described herein are pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, pharmaceutically active metabolites, and pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of such compounds. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one such compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically active metabolite or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug of such compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient are also provided.

Compounds of of Formula (I) or Formula (I)I may be synthesized using standard synthetic reactions known to those of skill in the art or using methods known in the art. The reactions can be employed in a linear sequence to provide the compounds or they may be used to synthesize fragments which are subsequently joined by the methods known in the art.

The starting material used for the synthesis of the compounds described herein may be synthesized or can be obtained from commercial sources, such as, but not limited to, Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.), Bachem (Torrance, Calif.), or Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.). The compounds described herein, and other related compounds having different substituents can be synthesized using techniques and materials known to those of skill in the art, such as described, for example, in March, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4^(th) Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4^(th) Ed., Vols. A and B (Plenum 2000, 2001); Green and Wuts, PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS 3^(rd) Ed., (Wiley 1999); Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989). (all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety). Other methods for the synthesis of compounds described herein may be found in International Patent Publication No. WO 01/01982901, Arnold et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 10 (2000) 2167-2170; Burchat et al. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 12 (2002) 1687-1690. General methods for the preparation of compound as disclosed herein may be derived from known reactions in the field, and the reactions may be modified by the use of appropriate reagents and conditions, as would be recognized by the skilled person, for the introduction of the various moieties found in the formulae as provided herein.

The products of the reactions may be isolated and purified, if desired, using conventional techniques, including, but not limited to, filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography and the like. Such materials may be characterized using conventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.

Compounds described herein may be prepared as a single isomer or a mixture of isomers.

Further Forms of Compounds Disclosed Herein Isomers

Furthermore, in some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as geometric isomers. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess one or more double bonds. The compounds presented herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the corresponding mixtures thereof. In some situations, compounds exist as tautomers. The compounds described herein include all possible tautomers within the formulas described herein. In some situations, the compounds described herein possess one or more chiral centers and each center exists in the R configuration, or S configuration. The compounds described herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the corresponding mixtures thereof. In additional embodiments of the compounds and methods provided herein, mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereoisomers, resulting from a single preparative step, combination, or interconversion are useful for the applications described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, dissociable complexes are preferred (e.g., crystalline diastereomeric salts). In some embodiments, the diastereomers have distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc.) and are separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. In some embodiments, the diastereomers are separated by chiral chromatography, or preferably, by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In some embodiments, the optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving agent, by any practical means that would not result in racemization.

Labeled Compounds

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in their isotopically-labeled forms. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such isotopically-labeled compounds. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such isotopically-labeled compounds as pharmaceutical compositions. Thus, in some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine and chloride, such as ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F and ³⁶Cl, respectively. Compounds described herein, and the metabolites, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, solvate, hydrates or derivatives thereof which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i. e., ³H and carbon-14, i. e., ¹⁴C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavy isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, produces certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. In some embodiments, the isotopically labeled compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof is prepared by any suitable method.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are labeled by other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such pharmaceutically acceptable salts as pharmaceutical compositions.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess acidic or basic groups and therefore react with any of a number of inorganic or organic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In some embodiments, these salts are prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound in its free form with a suitable acid or base, and isolating the salt thus formed.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds described herein with a mineral, organic acid or inorganic base, such salts including, acetate, acrylate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, bisulfite, bromide, butyrate, butyn-1,4-dioate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, caproate, caprylate, chlorobenzoate, chloride, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, decanoate, digluconate, dihydrogenphosphate, dinitrobenzoate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, hydroxybenzoate, γ-hydroxybutyrate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, iodide, isobutyrate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, mandelate metaphosphate, methanesulfonate, methoxybenzoate, methylbenzoate, monohydrogenphosphate, 1-napthalenesulfonate, 2-napthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, pyrosulfate, pyrophosphate, propiolate, phthalate, phenylacetate, phenylbutyrate, propanesulfonate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, sulfite, succinate, suberate, sebacate, sulfonate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate undeconate and xylenesulfonate.

Further, the compounds described herein can be prepared as pharmaceutically acceptable salts formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid, including, but not limited to, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid, and the like; and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, tartaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, arylsulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4′-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid and muconic acid. In some embodiments, other acids, such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, are employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.

In some embodiments, those compounds described herein which comprise a free acid group react with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine. Representative salts include the alkali or alkaline earth salts, like lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Illustrative examples of bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, sodium carbonate, N⁺(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₄, and the like.

Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. It should be understood that the compounds described herein also include the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups they contain. In some embodiments, water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are obtained by such quaternization.

Solvates

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as solvates. The invention provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such solvates. The invention further provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such solvates as pharmaceutical compositions.

Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and, in some embodiments, are formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of the compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. By way of example only, hydrates of the compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an aqueous/organic solvent mixture, using organic solvents including, but not limited to, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran or methanol. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.

Polymorphs

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as polymorphs. The invention provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such polymorphs. The invention further provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such polymorphs as pharmaceutical compositions.

Thus, the compounds described herein include all their crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. In certain instances, polymorphs have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. In certain instances, various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature cause a single crystal form to dominate.

Prodrugs

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in prodrug form. The invention provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such prodrugs. The invention further provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such prodrugs as pharmaceutical compositions.

Prodrugs are generally drug precursors that, following administration to an individual and subsequent absorption, are converted to an active, or a more active species via some process, such as conversion by a metabolic pathway. Some prodrugs have a chemical group present on the prodrug that renders it less active and/or confers solubility or some other property to the drug. Once the chemical group has been cleaved and/or modified from the prodrug the active drug is generated. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they are easier to administer than the parent drug. They are, for instance, bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. In certain instances, the prodrug also has improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. An example, without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound as described herein which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial. A further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide (polyamino acid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. (See for example Bundgaard, “Design and Application of Prodrugs” in A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Krosgaard-Larsen and Bundgaard, Ed., 1991, Chapter 5, 113-191, which is incorporated herein by reference).

In some embodiments, prodrugs are designed as reversible drug derivatives, for use as modifiers to enhance drug transport to site-specific tissues. The design of prodrugs to date has been to increase the effective water solubility of the therapeutic compound for targeting to regions where water is the principal solvent.

Additionally, prodrug derivatives of compounds described herein can be prepared by methods described herein are otherwise known in the art (for further details see Saulnier et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 1994, 4, 1985). By way of example only, appropriate prodrugs can be prepared by reacting a non-derivatized compound with a suitable carbamylating agent, such as, but not limited to, 1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbanochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or the like. Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a derivative as set forth herein are included within the scope of the claims. Indeed, some of the herein-described compounds are prodrugs for another derivative or active compound.

In some embodiments, prodrugs include compounds wherein an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e. g., two, three or four) amino acid residues is covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid group of compounds of the present invention. The amino acid residues include but are not limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids and also includes 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvaline, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, cirtulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone. In other embodiments, prodrugs include compounds wherein a nucleic acid residue, or an oligonucleotide of two or more (e. g., two, three or four) nucleic acid residues is covalently joined to a compound of the present invention.

Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of the compounds described herein also include, but are not limited to, esters, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives, N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines, N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters, metal salts and sulfonate esters. Compounds having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups can be converted into prodrugs. For instance, free carboxyl groups can be derivatized as amides or alkyl esters. In certain instances, all of these prodrug moieties incorporate groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities.

Hydroxy prodrugs include esters, such as though not limited to, acyloxyalkyl (e.g. acyloxymethyl, acyloxyethyl) esters, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl esters, alkyl esters, aryl esters, phosphate esters, sulfonate esters, sulfate esters and disulfide containing esters; ethers, amides, carbamates, hemisuccinates, dimethylaminoacetates and phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyls, as outlined in Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 1996, 19, 115.

Amine derived prodrugs include, but are not limited to the following groups and combinations of groups:

as well as sulfonamides and phosphonamides.

In certain instances, sites on any aromatic ring portions are susceptible to various metabolic reactions, therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures, can reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway.

Metabolites

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) are susceptible to various metabolic reactions. Therefore, in some embodiments, incorporation of appropriate substituents into the structure will reduce, minimize, or eliminate a metabolic pathway. In specific embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of an aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, or an alkyl group.

In additional or further embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.

Pharmaceutical Compositions/Formulations

In another aspect, provided herein are pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, solvate, prodrug, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999), herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.

Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that include a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredient. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are administered as pharmaceutical compositions in which a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) is mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions include other medicinal or pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure, and/or buffers. In yet other embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions include other therapeutically valuable substances.

A pharmaceutical composition, as used herein, refers to a mixture of a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) with other chemical components (i.e. pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients), such as carriers, excipients, binders, filling agents, suspending agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, surfactants, lubricants, colorants, diluents, solubilizers, moistening agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, penetration enhancers, wetting agents, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants, preservatives, or one or more combination thereof. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. In practicing the methods of treatment or use provided herein, therapeutically effective amounts of compounds described herein are administered in a pharmaceutical composition to a mammal having a disease, disorder, or condition to be treated. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human. A therapeutically effective amount can vary widely depending on the severity of the disease, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used and other factors. The compounds can be used singly or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents as components of mixtures.

The pharmaceutical formulations described herein are administered to a subject by appropriate administration routes, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular), intranasal, buccal, topical, rectal, or transdermal administration routes. The pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, liquids, gels, syrups, elixirs, slurries, suspensions, self-emulsifying dispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, solid oral dosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, tablets, capsules, pills, powders, dragees, effervescent formulations, lyophilized formulations, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate and controlled release formulations.

Pharmaceutical compositions including a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) are manufactured in a conventional manner, such as, by way of example only, by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.

The pharmaceutical compositions will include at least one compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) as an active ingredient in free-acid or free-base form, or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. In addition, the methods and pharmaceutical compositions described herein include the use of N-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms, amorphous phases, as well as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity. In some embodiments, compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form or in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvated forms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to be disclosed herein.

Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use are obtained by mixing one or more solid excipient with one or more of the compounds described herein, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include, for example, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; or others such as: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP or povidone) or calcium phosphate. If desired, disintegrating agents are added, such as the cross-linked croscarmellose sodium, polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate. In some embodiments, dyestuffs or pigments are added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.

Pharmaceutical preparations that are administered orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds are dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In some embodiments, stabilizers are added.

In certain embodiments, delivery systems for pharmaceutical compounds may be employed, such as, for example, liposomes and emulsions. In certain embodiments, compositions provided herein can also include an mucoadhesive polymer, selected from among, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, carbomer (acrylic acid polymer), poly(methylmethacrylate), polyacrylamide, polycarbophil, acrylic acid/butyl acrylate copolymer, sodium alginate and dextran.

Combination Treatment

The compounds according to Formula (I) or Formula (II) may be used in combination with one or more additional antifibrotic agents. The antifibrotic agent may be a lysophophatidic acid 1 (LPA1) antagonist. The antifibrotic agent may be selected from pirfenidone, nintedanib, thalidomide, carlumab, FG-3019, fresolimumab, interferon alpha, lecithinized superoxide dismutase, simtuzumab, tanzisertib, tralokinumab, hu3G9, huTBT13_2_1, 2126458, AM-152, IFN-gamma-1b, IW-001, PRM-151, PXS-25, pentoxifylline/N-acetyl-cysteine, pentoxifylline/vitamin E, salbutamol sulfate, [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-Substance P, pentoxifylline, mercaptamine bitartrate, obeticholic acid, aramchol, GFT-505, icosapent ethyl ester, metformin hydrochloride, metreleptin, muromonab-CD3, oltipraz, IMM-124-E, MK-4074, PX-102, and RO-5093151.

The compounds according to Formula (I) or Formula (II) may be used in combination with one or more additional azole antifungal agents. The azole antifungal agent may be selected from an imidazole antifungal, a triazole antifungal, or a thiazole antifungal. Examples of such antifungal agents include, but are not limited to, Imidazole derivatives like miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, clomidazole, croconazole, econazole, omoconazole, bifonazole, butoconazole, fenticonazole, isoconazole, miconazole, neticonazole, oxiconazole, sertaconazole, sulconazole, tioconazole; Triazole derivatives like fluconazole, fosfluconazole, hexaconazole, itraconazole, isavuconazole, posaconazole, voriconzaole, terconazole, albaconazole; and Thiazole derivatives like abafungin.

Administration of Pharmaceutical Composition

Suitable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, intravenous, rectal, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary, transmucosal, transdermal, vaginal, otic, nasal, and topical administration. In addition, by way of example only, parenteral delivery includes intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, and intranasal injections.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) and compositions thereof are administered in any suitable manner. The manner of administration can be chosen based on, for example, whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. For example, the compositions can be administered orally, parenterally (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular injection), by inhalation, extracorporeally, topically (including transdermally, ophthalmically, vaginally, rectally, intranasally) or the like.

Parenteral administration of the composition, if used, is generally characterized by injection. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution of suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. A more recently revised approach for parenteral administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant dosage is maintained.

Methods

In one aspect, provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis, a disorder characterized by fibrosis, or a disease characterized by fibrosis, the method comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof:

wherein:

-   -   A¹ and A² are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl;     -   B is

-   -   C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl or         optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, wherein the         heterocyclyl or the heteroaryl contains 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms;     -   D is aryl or heteroaryl;     -   E is aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, hetercyclyl, or alkyl;     -   each R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl,         haloalkyl, or alkoxy;     -   X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from N and CR⁵;     -   R⁵ is H, OH, alkyl, or alkoxy;     -   each R⁶ is independently alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, alkoxy,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), or aryl;     -   each R8 is independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocyclyl, halo, hydroxy, nitrile, azido, nitro, alkoxy,         haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), -alkylene(cycloalkyl),         -alkylene(heterocyclyl), aryl, heteroaryl, —SR¹³, —SOR¹³,         —SO₂R¹³, —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴,         —NR¹³C(O)OR¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, and         —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; or two adjacent R⁸ form a heterocyclyl ring;     -   each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,         alkoxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;         or R¹³ and R¹⁴ taken together form a heterocycle with the atoms         to which they are attached;     -   Y¹ and Y² are independently selected from O, CH₂, NH, and NR¹³;     -   n is 1, 2, or 3;     -   m is 1 or 2;     -   p is 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   q is 1, 2, or 3;     -   r is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8;     -   s is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;     -   u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and     -   v is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), X₁ and X₂ are N

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), X₁ is CR⁵ and X₂ is N.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), X₁ is N and X₂ is CR⁵.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), q is 1 and r is O.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A¹ is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A¹ is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A¹ is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A¹ is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), A² is pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, or triazine.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In other embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is

and

-   -   R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,         -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,         -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl).

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is

and R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl).

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), C is

and R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl).

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is alkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is

and u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is selected from:

-   -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, W⁵, W⁶, and W⁷ are independently selected from N         and CR⁹;     -   Z¹ is NR¹², S, or O;     -   Z² is N or CR⁹;     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂,         alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl),         —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;     -   each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently selected from H and alkyl; or         R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together form a heterocycle with the nitrogen         to which they are attached; and     -   R¹² is H, alkyl or haloalkyl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is aryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), E is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is selected from:

-   -   W¹, W², W³, W⁴, and W⁵ are independently selected from N and         CR⁹;     -   W⁶ is N or C; and     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂,         alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl),         —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹,         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl),         —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl),         —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl),         —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is

In certain embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), D is

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), Y¹ and Y² are O.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), m is 1.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), p is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), p is 1.

In some embodiments described above or below of a compound of Formula (I), R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.

Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (II) or as described above and below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Further provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis using a compound described herein wherein the fibrosis is liver fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, or cardiac fibrosis.

Further provided herein is a method to treat liver fibrosis using a compound described herein wherein the liver fibrosis is associated with the later stages of alcoholic or nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis.

Further provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis using a compound described herein wherein the fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Further provided herein is a method to treat a disease using a compound described herein wherein the disease or disorder characterized by fibrosis is a chronic autoimmune disease.

Further provided herein is a method to treat chronic autoimmune disease using a compound described herein wherein the chronic autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Crohn's disease or systemic lupus erythematosus.

Further provided herein is a method to treat chronic autoimmune disease using a compound described herein wherein the chronic autoimmune disease is scleroderma.

Further provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis using a compound described herein wherein the fibrosis is keloid formation resulting from abnormal wound healing.

Further provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis using a compound described herein wherein the fibrosis occurs after organ transplantation.

Also provided herein is a method to treat fibrosis, a disorder characterized by fibrosis, or a disease characterized by fibrosis, the method comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein in combination with one or more pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments described above, the one or more pharmaceutical agents are antifibrotic agents. In certain embodiments described above, the one or more pharmaceutical agents are antifungal agents.

Further disclosed herein are image-based systems for identifying inhibitors of fibrosis. In some embodiments, the system comprises (a) one or more fibroblasts; and (b) a cell imaging device for producing one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device comprises a fluorescent microscope. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device comprises CCD camera technology. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device is automated. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device is manually operated. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device is thermoelectrically cooled.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a light source. In some embodiments, the light source is an LED.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a scanner.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a computer.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more memory locations for storing and/or receiving the one or more images. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more memory locations for storing and/or receiving one or more instructions for producing the one or more images.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for analyzing the one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for processing the one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for transmitting the one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more software programs for capturing, producing, analyzing, scanning, storing, and/or transmitting the one or more images.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more barcode readers for reading one or more barcodes on one or more samples comprising the one or more cells.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more robots for handling one or more samples comprising the one or more cells. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more robots for treating one or more samples comprising the one or more cells with one or more agents.

In some embodiments, the one or more agents comprise TGF-beta. In some embodiments, the one or more agents comprise one or more test agents.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for identifying the one or more test agents as inhibitors of fibrosis. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more processors for ranking the inhibitors of fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more algorithms. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze a morphology of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze a morphology of the one or more fibroblasts contacted with the one or more agents. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze an intensity of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze an fluorescence intensity of the one or more fibroblasts.

In some embodiments, the cell imaging device comprises a CellInsight NXT High Content Screening (HCS) platform.

In some embodiments, the one or more fibroblasts are hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).

Further disclosed herein, are methods of identifying inhibitors of fibrosis. In some embodiments, the method comprises (a) contacting a first sample comprising one or more fibroblasts with a cellular growth agent; (b) contacting a second sample comprising one or more fibroblasts with the cellular growth agent and a first test agent; (c) producing one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts of the first sample and one or more images of the one or more fibroblasts of the second sample; and (d) determining whether the first test agent is an inhibitor of fibrosis based on an analysis of the one or more images of the first sample and the one or more images of the second sample.

In some embodiments, the cellular growth agent is a growth factor. In some embodiments, the cellular growth agent is transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b).

In some embodiments, the first test agent is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the first test agent is a bioactive small molecule.

In some embodiments, the second sample is contacted with the cellular growth agent and the first test agent simultaneously. In some embodiments, the second sample is contacted with the cellular growth agent and the first test agent sequentially. In some embodiments, the second sample is contacted with the cellular growth agent prior to contact with the first test agent. In some embodiments, the second sample is contacted with the first test agent prior to contact with the cellular growth agent.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises one or more additional samples comprising one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the first sample, second sample, and/or one or more additional samples are from the same source. In some embodiments, the first sample, second sample, and/or one or more additional samples are from two or more different sources.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises contacting the one or more additional samples with the cellular growth agent and one or more additional test agents.

In some embodiments, the one or more images of the first sample and the one or more images of the second sample are captured simultaneously. In some embodiments, the one or more images of the first sample and the one or more images of the second sample are captured sequentially.

In some embodiments, the one or more fibroblasts of the first sample are cultured in one or more wells on a first culture plate. In some embodiments, the one or more fibroblasts of the second sample are cultured on one or more wells on a second culture plate. In some embodiments, the one or more fibroblasts of the one or more additional samples are cultured on one or more wells on one or more additional culture plates.

In some embodiments, the first culture plate and the second culture plate are different. In some embodiments, the first culture plate, the second culture plate, and/or the one or more additional culture plates are different.

In some embodiments, the first culture plate and the second culture plate are the same. In some embodiments, the first culture plate, the second culture plate, and/or the one or more additional culture plates are the same.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises contacting the one or more fibroblasts of the first sample and/or the one or more fibroblasts of the second sample with a third agent. In some embodiments, the method further comprises contacting the one or more fibroblasts of the one or more additional samples with a third agent.

In some embodiments, the third agent is an antibody. In some embodiments, the third agent is an anti-smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibody.

In some embodiments, the one or more images of the first sample and/or the one or more images of the second sample are based on the images of the one or more fibroblasts contacted with the third agent. In some embodiments, the one or more images of the one or more additional samples are based on the images of the one or more fibroblasts contacted with the third agent.

In some embodiments, producing the one or more images comprises the use of one or more cell imaging devices. In some embodiments, the cell imaging device comprises a CellInsight NXT High Content Screening (HCS) platform.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises one or more algorithms. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze a morphology of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze a morphology of the one or more fibroblasts contacted with the one or more agents. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze an intensity of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the one or more algorithms analyze an fluorescence intensity of the one or more fibroblasts.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises detecting transdifferentation of the one or more fibroblasts. In some embodiments, transdifferentiation of the one or more fibroblasts comprises transdifferentiation into one or more myofibroblasts.

In some embodiments, determining whether the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis is based on a comparison of the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample to the myofibroblasts composition in the second sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the second sample is less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the second sample is at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the second sample is at least about 1.5-, 2-, 2.5-, 3-, 3.5-, 4-, 4.5-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, or 15-fold less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining whether the one or more additional test agents are inhibitors of fibrosis. In some embodiments, determining whether the one or more additional test agents is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis is based on a comparison of the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample to the myofibroblasts composition in the one or more additional samples. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the one or more additional samples is less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the one or more additional samples is at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample. In some embodiments, the first test agent is identified as an inhibitor of fibrosis if the myofibroblasts composition in the one or more additional samples is at least about 1.5-, 2-, 2.5-, 3-, 3.5-, 4-, 4.5-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, or 15-fold less than the myofibroblasts composition in the first sample.

EXAMPLES List of Abbreviations

As used above, and throughout the description of the invention, the following abbreviations, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings:

-   -   ACN     -   Bn benzyl     -   BOC or Boc tert-butyl carbamate     -   BOP benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium     -   t-Bu tert-butyl     -   Cbz benzyl carbamate     -   Cy Cyclohexyl     -   DBU 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene     -   DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide     -   DCM dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂)     -   DIC 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide     -   DEAD diethyl azodicarboxylate     -   DIAD diisopropyl azodicarboxylate     -   DIEA diisopropylethylamine     -   DMAP 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine     -   DMP reagent Dess-Martin Periodinane reagent     -   DMF dimethylformamide     -   DMA N,N-Dimethylacetamide     -   DME 1,2-Dimethoxy-ethane     -   DMSO dimethylsulfoxide     -   Dppf 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene     -   EDCI 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide HCl     -   eq equivalent(s)     -   Et ethyl     -   Et₂O diethyl ether     -   EtOH ethanol     -   EtOAc ethyl acetate     -   HOAt 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole     -   HOBT 1-hydroxybenztriazole     -   HOSu N-hydroxysuccinamide     -   HPLC high performance liquid chromatography     -   LAH lithium aluminum anhydride     -   Me methyl     -   MeI methyliodide     -   MeOH methanol     -   MOMCl methoxymethylchloride     -   MOM methoxymethyl     -   MS mass spectroscopy     -   NMP N-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one     -   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance     -   PyBOP benzotriazole-1-yl-oxytris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium         Hexafluorophosphate     -   SPHOS 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl     -   TBD 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]-dec-5-ene     -   RP-HPLC reverse phase-high pressure liquid chromatography     -   TBS tert-butyldimethylsilyl     -   TBSCl tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride     -   TBTU O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium     -   TEOC 2-Trimethylsilylethyl Carbamate     -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid     -   Tf₂O triflate anhydride     -   TMG 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine     -   THF tetrahydrofuran     -   THP tetrahydropyran     -   TLC thin layer chromatography     -   XPHOS 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl

General Examples for the Preparation of Compounds of the Invention

The starting materials and intermediates for the compounds of this invention may be prepared by the application or adaptation of the methods described below, their obvious chemical equivalents, or, for example, as described in literature such as The Science of Synthesis, Volumes 1-8. Editors E. M. Carreira et al. Thieme publishers (2001-2008). Details of reagent and reaction options are also available by structure and reaction searches using commercial computer search engines such as Scifinder (www.cas.org) or Reaxys (www.reaxys.com).

Part A:

The following reaction schemes A, B, and C detail the synthesis of starting materials involved in the final formation of compound 46 (scheme D).

To a 250 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser and a Dean-stark was added Intermediate-A (25.0 g), acetone (75.0 ml), PTSA.H₂O (0.75 g) and petroleum ether (75.0 ml). Mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 12 h and monitored by TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and 0.75 g sodium acetate was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The organic layer was decanted and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude liquid, Intermediate-B (27.0 g, 75.2%).

To a 500 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with calcium chloride guard tube was added Intermediate-B (25.0 g) in chloroform (185 ml). TEA (79.0 ml) was added and reaction cooled to 0° C. Intermediate-C (47.0 g) was charged lot wise to the mixture and allowed to stir at room temperature for 5 h. Reaction monitored by TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). The reaction mixture was washed with water (200 ml) and the aqueous layer back extracted with CHCl₃ (50 ml×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude oil. Oil was purified by column chromatography (6% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Final product Intermediate-D (21.0 g, 38.6%).

To a 250 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer was added Intermediate-D (21.0 g) in THF (100 ml). Solution was cooled to 0° C., mixed with 6N HCl (25.0 ml) and stirred at room temperature for 6 h. Reaction monitored by TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 ml) and neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Product was extracted with CHCl₃ (50 ml*2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give thick oil, Intermediate-E (16.0 g, 88.8%). Intermediate-E was used in the next stage of synthesis without further purification.

Intermediate Spectral Data:

Intermediate Characterization Data (NMR/LCMS) B ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.3 (s, 3H), 3.44-3.55 (m, 3H), 3.61-3.64(m, 1H), 3.89-3.92 (m, 1H), 4.05-4.10 (m, 1H). D LCMS: 98.1%; m/z: 304 (M + H₂0). E ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.85 (s, 1H), 3.4 (s, 1H), 3.57-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.70(m, 1H), 3.93-3.96 (m, 1H), 4.04-4.10 (m, 2H), 7.36- 7.38 (dd, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.79-7.81 (dd, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H).

To a 100 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with calcium chloride tube was added Intermediate-7 (5.0 g) in DMA (25.0 ml). To it phenyl chloroformate (2.8 ml) was added drop wise and the reaction mixture stirred at RT for half an hour. Reaction monitored by TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). Reaction mixture was poured into ice water. Resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum to obtain pure product, Intermediate-8 (4.4 g, 61.1%).

To a 100 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with calcium chloride tube was added charged Intermediate-8 (4.4 g) in 1,4 Dioxane (20.0 ml). Hydrazine hydrate (1.37 ml) was added drop wise and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 24 h. Reaction monitored by TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). Mixture was poured into ice water. Precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum to obtain pure product, Intermediate-9 (2.80 g, 53.8%).

To a 100 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser was added Intermediate-9 (2.80 g) in n-BuOH (25.0 ml). Formimidine acetate (4.47 g) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 4 h. Reaction monitored by TLC (EtOAc). Mixture was cooled to room temperature and the precipitate collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate and dried to get pure product, Intermediate-10 (2.5 g, 86.8%).

To a 100 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser was added Intermediate-10 (2.50 g) in DMF (30.0 ml). NaOH (1.50 g) and sec-bromo butane (5.11 g) were added and the reaction mixture stirred at 90° C. for 8 h. Reaction monitored by TLC (EtOAc). Reaction mixture was poured into ice water. The precipitates were collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum to obtain pure product, Intermediate-11 (1.45 g, 49.8%).

To a 100 ml Hydrogenator vessel was added Intermediate-11 (1.45 g) in MeOH (25.0 ml). 10% Pd/C (0.15 g) was added and the reaction mixture was hydrogenated at RT under 10 kg of H₂ pressure overnight. Reaction monitored by TLC (EtOAc). After completion of the reaction, catalyst was removed by filtration and solvent was evaporated to give thick oil. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (5% MeOH in MDC). Final product Intermediate-12 (0.75 g, 67.5%).

Intermediate Spectral Data:

Intermediate # Characterization Data (NMR/LCMS) 8 LCMS: 99.16% @ 256 nm; m/z: 388 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 2.94-3.05 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.72-3.75 (d, 2H), 4.39-4.40 (d, 2H), 6.95-6.97(d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19- 7.27 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.49-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.59-7.60 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H). 9 LCMS: 97.61% @ 254 nm; m/z: 326 (M + H). 10 LCMS: 98.34% @ 256 nm; m/z: 336 (M + H). 11 LCMS: 96.95% @ 258 nm; m/z: 392 (M + H). 12 LCMS: 95.78% @ 257 nm; m/z: 302 (M + H).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-13 (2.0 g) in toluene (30.0 ml) was charged 1H-1,2,3 Triazole (1.96 g) and Na₂CO₃ (3.01 g) at RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 3 h. The completion of reaction was monitored via TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). After reaction completion, mixture was cooled to RT and diluted with ethyl acetate (50 ml). The obtained organic layer was washed with water (50 ml×2). Organic layer was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography. (20% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Intermediate-14 (0.70 g, 19.2%).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-14 (1.30 g) in toluene (15.0 ml) was charged Intermediate-E (1.50 g) at RT under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. and to it was added drop-wise Triflic acid (1.80 ml). Mixture was warmed to RT and stirred for 60 h. The completion of reaction was monitored via TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). After reaction completion, resulting mixture was poured into water (25 ml) and neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The organic layer was combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give thick oil. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (10% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Intermediate-15 (0.32 g, 24.6%).

Intermediate Spectral Data:

Intermediate # Characterization Data (NMR/LCMS) 14 LCMS: 96.62% @ 252 nm; m/z 258 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 5.91 (s, 2H), 7.36-7.39 (dd, J₁ = 12.0 Hz and J₂ = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.52 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.66 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.73(s, 2H). 15 LCMS: 100% @ 225 nm; m/z 486 (M + 2). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 2.49 (s, 3H), 3.41-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.89 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.26(m, 1H), 4.94-4.98 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.06-5.09 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.21 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.40(d, J₁ = 12.0 Hz and J₂ = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.55 (s, 2H), 7.77-7.79(d, J₁ = 12.0 Hz and J₂ = 8.4 Hz, 2H).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-46A (0.50 g) in acetone (7.0 ml) was charged K₂CO₃ (0.44 g) at RT under argon atmosphere. Methyl iodide (0.20 ml) was added drop wise and the mixture warmed to RT and stirred for 24 h. The completion of reaction was monitored via TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). After reaction completion, mixture was poured into water (25 ml). Aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (25 ml×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude mass, Intermediate-46-B (0.53 g, 100%).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-46B (0.125 g) in toluene (3.0 ml) was charged Intermediate-12 (0.188 g), Sodium tert butoxide (0.089 g), Ru(Phos) (0.028 g) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.055 g) at RT under argon atmosphere. Resulting mixture was purged with argon balloon for 10 minutes and stirred at 120° C. for 15 h. The completion of reaction was monitored via TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). After reaction completion, mixture was poured into water (10 ml). Aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (25% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Intermediate-46-C (0.08 g, 30.7%).

To a 5 ml tube was charged Intermediate-46C (0.080 g) in 48% aq. HBr (0.80 ml). Resulting mixture was stirred at reflux temperature overnight. The completion of reaction was monitored via TLC (Ethyl acetate). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (5.0 ml) and neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum to obtain pure Intermediate-46-D (0.050 g, 64.90%).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-46D (0.050 g) in DMF (1.0 ml) was charged Intermediate-15 (0.050 g) and NaOH (0.020 g) at RT under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight. The completion of reaction was monitored via TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). After reaction completion, resulting mixture was poured into water (10 ml) and aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (eluted in ACN:Water containing 0.1% NH₃ by reverse phase preparative purification). Product fractions were lyophilized to obtain pure product, 46 (0.012 g, 11.32%).

Intermediate and Final Compound Spectral Data:

Intermediate/ Final Compound # Characterization Data (NMR/LCMS) 46B ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 2.19-2.20 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 6.69-6.70 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.28 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H). 46C LCMS: 98.3% @ 261 nm; m/z 422 (M + 1). 46D LCMS: 81.9% @ 258 nm; m/z 408 (M + 1). 46  LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 719.51 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40-1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.19 (s, 3H), 3.25 (s, 4H), 3.38 (s, 4H), 3.48-3.52 (q, 1H), 3.91-4.00 (m, 3H), 4.29-4.34(m, 1H), 4.39-4.41 (m, 1H), 5.06-5.09 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17-5.20 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 6.69-6.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.78-6.84 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.06 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.20-7.23 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.52-7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz 1H), 7.60-7.64 (m, 3H).

Additional Synthetic Information:

Compounds 47-54 were prepared using the identical reaction scheme with their corresponding bromophenols (Intermediate-46A).

Part B:

The following reaction schemes E and F detail the synthesis of starting materials involved in the final formation of compound 42 (scheme G). The same racemic diol produced in Scheme A (Part A) was also used in the synthesis that follows.

To a 100 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with calcium chloride tube were charged Intermediate-1 (5.13 g), pyridine (12.0 ml) and MDC (50.0 ml). Reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and to it phenyl chloroformate (5.0 ml) was added. The reaction was stirred at 4° C. overnight. Reaction completion was confirmed by TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). To the mixture was added water (100 ml) and solution stirred at RT for 30 minutes. The precipitate was filtered, washed with dichloromethane (10 ml×2) and dried under vacuum to obtain pure product, Intermediate-3 (5.5 g, 75.1%).

Synthesis of Intermediate-4:

To a 250 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser and a Dean-Stark trap were charged Intermediate-4a (20.0 g), 2-butanone (29.8 ml) and anhydrous sodium sulfate in THF (150 mg). The mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 2 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC (Ethyl acetate). The reaction was cooled to RT and solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give white solid, Intermediate-4b (32.0 g, 84.2%).

To a 500 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with magnetic stirrer were charged Intermediate-4b (32.0 g) in MeOH (350 ml). Resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. followed by addition of NaBH₄ (9.01 g). Reaction was stirred at RT for 5 h. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC using (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). After completion, solvent was removed by distillation and residue was dissolved in water (100 ml). Product was extracted with CHCl₃ (100 ml×3). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give thick oil. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (10% ethyl acetate in hexanes.) Intermediate-4 (22.0 g, 67.6%).

To a 100 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser and calcium chloride tube were charged Intermediate-3 (5.0 g), Intermediate-4 (1.51 g) and DBU (0.022 g) in toluene (50.0 ml). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 15 h. Reaction completion was confirmed by TLC (Ethyl acetate). Mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and methanol was added. Solution was stirred at 4° C. for 2 h. Resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to get pure Intermediate-5 (4.35 g, 85.9%).

To a 100 ml three neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser were charged Intermediate-5 (4.35 g) in toluene (43.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at reflux temperature overnight. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC (Ethyl acetate). Reaction mixture was cooled to RT and neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried to get pure Intermediate-6 (3.30 g, 78.3%).

Intermediate Spectral Data:

Intermediate # Characterization Data (NMR/LCMS) 3 LCMS: 57.55% @ 202 nm and 100% @ 259 nm; m/z: 404.95 (M + H). 4 ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.81-0.86 (m, 6H), 0.89-0.93 (m, 6H), 1.12-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.46 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.66(m, 1H), 2.73-2.74 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.79-4.86 (d, J = 28.0 Hz, 2H), 7.92-8.01 (m, 2H), 8.73-8.76 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 9.31-9.32 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H). 5 LCMS: 77.46% @ 260 nm; m/z: 409.2 (M + H). 6 LCMS: 72.11% @ 202 nm and 99.12 @ 250 nm; m/z: 394.6 (M + H).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-F (2.0 g) in toluene (15.0 ml) was charged 1H-1,2,3 Triazole (1.78 g) and Na₂CO₃ (2.74 g) at RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 3 h. The completion of reaction was monitored on TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). After completion, mixture was cooled to RT and diluted with ethyl acetate (25 ml). Solution was washed with water (25 ml*2). Organic layer was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude mass. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (15% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Intermediate-G (0.65 g, 26.7%).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-G (0.25 g) in Toluene (3.5 ml) was charged Intermediate-E (0.39 g) at RT under argon atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and to it Triflic acid (0.48 ml) was added drop wise. Solution was then warmed to RT and stirred for 60 h. The completion of reaction was monitored on TLC (Hexane: Ethyl acetate (5:5)). After completion, resulting mixture was poured into water (10 ml) and neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml*2). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give thick oil. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (6% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Intermediate-I (0.12 g, 21.8%).

Intermediate Spectral Data:

Intermediate Characterization Data (NMR/LCMS) G LCMS: 100% @ 245 nm; m/z 182.82 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 5.95 (s, 2H), 7.52-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.76 (s, 2H), 7.98-8.00(m, 2H) I LCMS: 100% @ 223 nm; m/z 416.2 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 2.19 (s, 2H), 2.47 (s, 2H), 3.58-3.61 (m, 1H), 2.72-2.76 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.87(m, 1H), 3.93-3.97 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.12 (m , 1H), 4.74(s, 2H), 7.28-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.39-7.41(m, 2H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.66-7.68(d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-6 (0.060 g) in DMF (1.0 ml) was charged Intermediate-I (0.070 g) and NaOH (0.024 g) at RT under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight. The completion of reaction was monitored on TLC (hexane: ethyl acetate (5:5)). After completion, reaction was poured into water (10 ml). Aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml*2). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude mass. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (ACN:Water containing 0.1% NH₃ by reverse phase preparative purification). The product fractions were lyophilized to obtain pure product, 42 (0.016 g, 16%).

Intermediate Spectral Data:

Final Compound # Characterization Data (NMR/LCMS) 42 LCMS: 100% @ 261 nm; m/z 637.45 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40-1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.89 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.43 (m, 9H), 3.73-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.86(m, 1H), 3.89-3.93 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.33 (m , 1H), 4.37-4.40(m, 1H), 4.87(s, 2H), 6.79-6.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.02-7.07(m, 4H), 7.38-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.44-7.47(d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.56-7.59(m, 2H), 7.64(d, J = 2.8 Hz, 3H)

Additional Synthetic Information:

Compounds 30-45 were prepared using the identical reaction scheme with their corresponding phenacyl bromides/chlorides (Intermediate-F).

Part C: Synthesis of Compound 74

Compound 74 was prepared using analogous procedures as those used to prepare Compound 46, substituting Intermediate-10D for Intermediate-15 (Scheme D). Intermediate-10H, the precursor of Intermediate-10D, was prepared using analogous procedures as those used to prepare Intermediate-15.

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-10H (0.1 g) in ACN (7.0 ml) was charged Zn(CN)₂ (0.47 g), dppf (0.017 g) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.027 g) at RT under argon atmosphere. Resulting mixture was purged with argon for 10 min and stirred at 120° C. for 15 h. The completion of reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane: ethyl acetate (5:5)). After completion of the reaction, reaction mixture was poured into water (10 ml). Aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml×2). The organic layer was combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude mass which was purified by column chromatography (25% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Intermediate-10D (0.013 g, 13.4%).

Intermediate Compound # Characterization Data (NMR/LCMS) 10D LCMS: 95.23% @ 225 nm; m/z 440.9 (M + H).

Part D: Synthesis of Compound 75

Compound 75 was prepared using analogous procedures as those used to prepare Compound 42, substituting Intermediate-19D for Intermediate-I (Scheme G). Intermediate-19D was prepared as shown in Scheme I (below), inverting the steps in Schemes A and C such that bromomethyl ketone 19 was reacted with Intermediate A prior to reaction with 1H-1,2,3-triazole.

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-19 (0.75 g—prepared by analogy to the bromoketone precursor for compound 88) in toluene (6.0 ml) was added Intermediate-A (1.53 g), PTSA (0.076 g) and molecular sieves (0.5 g) at RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 24 h. The completion of reaction was monitored by TLC using hexane: ethyl acetate (5:5) as a mobile phase. After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixture was cooled to RT and poured into water (10 ml) and neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under vacuum to give crude mixture of Intermediates 19A and 19A′ which was used in the next step without further purification. Weight of mixture of Intermediate-19A and Intermediate-19A′: 1.0 g (crude). LCMS: 33.84%; m/z: 276 (M+2).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-19A & -19A′ (1.0 g) in MDC (10.0 ml) was added pyridine (0.58 ml) at RT under argon atmosphere. Into the resulting mixture, benzoyl chloride (0.43 ml) was added drop-wise before the mixture was allowed to stir at RT overnight. The completion of reaction was monitored by TLC using hexane: ethyl acetate (5:5) as a mobile phase. After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixture was poured into water (10 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with MDC (10 ml×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under vacuum to give thick oil which was further purified by preparative HPLC (ACN:water containing 0.1% formic acid). The product fractions were lyophilized to obtain Intermediate-19B. Weight of Intermediate-19B: 0.20 g (Yield: 14.5%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃ δ ppm): 3.89-3.97 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.22 (m, 2H), 4.54-4.61 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.75-7.79 (m, 1H), 8.09-8.11 (m, 2H), 8.69-8.70 (d, 1H). LCMS: 100% purity; m/z: 380 (M+2).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-19B (0.20 g) in DMF (3.0 ml) was added triazole potassium salt (0.14 g) at RT under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was heated with stirring at 130° C. for 24 h. The completion of reaction was monitored by TLC using hexane: ethyl acetate (5:5) as a mobile phase. After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixture was cooled to RT and DMF was removed under vacuum. Residue was dissolved in THF (4.0 ml) before the addition of 32% NaOH aqueous solution (4.0 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 3 h. The completion of hydrolysis was monitored by TLC using MDC: MeOH (9:1) as a mobile phase. After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixture was cool to RT and poured into water (10 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under vacuum to give a thick oil which was further purified by column chromatography (60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to provide Intermediate-19C. Weight of Intermediate-19C: 0.045 g (Yield: 32.6%). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃ δ ppm): 2.19 (s, 1H), 3.33-3.37 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.94 (m, 2H), 4.05-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 4.99-5.03 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 5.25-5.29 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.59 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (s, 2H), 7.75-7.78 (m, 1H), 8.76 (s, 1H). LCMS: 99.27% purity by UV; m/z: 263 (M+1).

To a stirred solution of Intermediate-19C (0.045 g) in dichloromethane (1.5 ml) was charged triethylamine (0.04 ml) at room temperature under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to 0° C. and to it p-TSCl (0.04 g) was added and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3 hrs at RT. The completion of reaction was monitored on TLC using hexane: ethyl acetate (5:5) as a mobile phase. After completion of the reaction, the resulting mixture was poured into water (10 ml) and neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 ml×2). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under vacuum to give Intermediate-19D as a thick oil. Weight of Intermediate-19D: 0.075 g (crude). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃ δ ppm) 2.49 (s, 3H), 3.22-3.28 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.43 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01-5.12 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.21 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.78-7.83 (m, 3H), 7.94-7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.84-8.85 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H). LCMS: 88.74% purity by UV; m/z: 417 (M+1).

Compound 78 was prepared by analogy to Compound 75 except that 2-acetylthiazole was used instead of 2-acetylpyridine as the initial starting material. Bromination can be carried out by analogy to the synthesis of the bromoketone precursor of compound 88.

Part E: Synthesis of Compound 88

Compound 88 is prepared using analogous procedures as those used to prepare Compound 42, substituting cyclobutyl-(N2)triazolyl ketone for Intermediate-14 (Scheme C).

Synthesis of cyclobutyl-(N2)triazolyl Ketone

To a cooled solution of cyclobutyl-methyl ketone (1 equiv) in MeOH was added bromine (1 equiv) dropwise at 0° C. for 30 min. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for about 2 h, and then at RT for another 30 min. The unreacted bromine was then quenched carefully with the 10% aqueous solution of Na₂S₂O₃. The mixture was then extracted with ether, and washed with NaHCO₃ and brine. The combined organic extract was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford the desired bromoketone.

To the solution of the bromoketone (1.0 equiv) and triazole (1.2 equiv) in ACN was added DIPEA (1.2 equiv). The resulting reaction mixture was then heated to reflux for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography to afford the desired cyclobutyl-triazolyl ketone as a pale yellow oil which solidified slowly with time.

Additional compounds appearing in Table 1 were prepared using procedures analogous to the preceding procedures.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES Example I Biological Assays

A high content imaging assay, based on α-SMA staining and cell morphological changes associated with fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation, was established using primary human lung fibroblasts and primary rodent HSCs. Conditions, involving serum starvation and subsequent TGF-β treatment, were identified that facilitate robust in vitro transdifferentiation in a miniaturized (384 well plate) format that is amenable to high throughput small molecule screening. A selective ALK-5 TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor (SB-431542) was used as a positive control. The 4 day long assay was amenable to screens on the order of 100,000 wells and facilitated the identification of compounds that selectively inhibit fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation. This assay was used to identify a hit compound (itraconazole) and was used to evaluate focused panels of itraconazole analogues generated from medicinal chemistry efforts.

The activity of Itraconazole and its analogues was confirmed by analyzing changes in gene expression of multiple genes associated with fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation using biochemical methods (i.e., Western blot and RT-PCR). These 4-day assays were used to evaluate sets of 6 compounds at a time in 4-point dose response fashion.

α-SMA Assays

Quiescent rat hepatic stellate cells were seeded in 384 well plates (350 cells per well) coated with Poly-D-lysine in stellate cell medium (Sciencell). After 24 hour incubation, cells were treated with the indicated doses of itraconazole for 48 hours in the presence of 10 ng/mL of TGF-β1 in hepatic stellate medium. Following fixation and staining with an anti smooth muscle actin antibody, cell morphology was analyzed with a Cellomics cell insight imaging reader (FIG. 1 for representative images). Cells were analyzed for mean cellular area of α-SMA staining (FIG. 5a ) or mean fluorescence intensity of SMA staining (FIG. 5b ). In this assay itraconazole reproducibly induced dose dependent decreases in both mean cellular area and alpha smooth muscle actin staining, indicating the inhibition of myofibroblast transdifferentiation and activation.

Western Blot Analyses of Fibrosis-Related Proteins in Cells Exposed to TGFβ and Itraconazole (Itra)

Human lung fibroblasts were seeded at 10⁵ cells per well in 6 well dishes in assay medium (2% fetal bovine serum, DMEM). After 24 incubation, medium was changed to assay medium containing TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) and simultaneously treated with itraconazole (10 μM), SB431542 (10 μM) or vehicle control (FIG. 6). After incubation for 48 hours, cells were harvested by brief trypsinization and centrifugation. Cells were lysed in Cell Lytic M (Sigma) and lysate concentrations normalized via absorption readings at 260 nm. Samples were boiled in 2× sample buffer and 10% beta-mercaptoethanol. Three micrograms of lysate were loaded into each gel lane and then separated by SDS-PAGE on 10% Bis-Tris gels and then transferred via semi dry transfer to PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% milk in TRIS buffered saline with Tween-20 (0.1%), membranes were exposed to appropriate primary antibodies. Blots were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and visualized using film and SuperSignal West Dura Chemiluminescent Substrate (Pierce). In this assay itraconazole reproducibly induced dose dependent decreases in levels of induced alpha smooth muscle actin protein levels, indicating the inhibition of myofibroblast transdifferentiation and activation.

Gene Expression Analysis of Human Lung Fibroblasts Treated with Itraconazole

Human lung fibroblasts were seeded at 10⁵ cells per well in 6 well dishes in assay medium (2% fetal bovine serum in DMEM). After 24 hours, medium was changed to assay medium containing TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) and itraconazole (500 nM). After 48 hours of incubation at 37C, cells were harvested by brief trypsinization and centrifugation. RNA was extracted using RNeasy kit (Qiagen) and cDNA amplified using SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis kit (Life Technologies). qPCRs reactions were then performed using a fibrosis focused RT2 Profiler PCR Array kit with supplied plate and reagents. Data was analyzed using N=1 per reaction per treatment condition. Data was expressed as fold regulation relative to a sample not treated with TGF-β1 (FIG. 7a ). Raw data from the fibrosis focused RT2 Profiler PCR Array is shown in FIG. 7b . In this assay itraconazole reproducibly induced dose dependent changes in multiple fibrosis-related genes, indicating the inhibition of myofibroblast transdifferentiation and activation.

Anti-fibrotic activity of itraconazole and analogs thereof did not result from P450 inhibition associated with anti-fungal activity. Itraconazole inhibited VEGF and Hedgehog pro-fibrotic signaling pathways.

qPCR Analysis of Hedgehog Related Genes in Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells Treated with Itraconazole

Rat hepatic stellate cells were seeded at 10⁵ cells per well in 6 well dishes coated with poly-D-lysine in stellate cell medium (Sciencell) and allowed to proliferate to full confluence (˜2 weeks). Medium was then switched to DMEM and 0.5% fetal bovine serum with 1 ug/mL SHH-N (R&D systems). Cells were treated with SHH-N and compounds (cyclopamine 5 μM (positive control), itraconazole 1 μM) for 24 hours. Cells were harvested by brief trypsinzation and centrifugation. RNA was extracted using RNeasy kit (Qiagen) and cDNA amplified using SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis kit (Life Technologies). qPCR was performed using a SYBR green mastermix (Takara). Relative levels of PTCH1 (protein patched homolog 1) and GLI1 (GLI family zinc finger 1) mRNA (see FIGS. 8a and 8b ; raw data for both qPCR experiments is shown in FIG. 8c ) indicated that itraconazole inhibits Hedgehog signaling in rat hepatic stellate cells.

Western Blot Analyses of COL1-GFP HSCs after Knockdown of Smoothened

COL1-GFP HSCs (an immortalized mouse hepatic stellate cell line with GFP knocked into the collagen locus) were plated at 7.5⁵ cells per well in assay medium (10% fetal bovine serum, DMEM). After 24 hours, cells were transduced with lentiviral particles. After 24 hours of incubation with viral particles, cells were switched to fresh assay medium and incubated for 48 hours. Cells were lysed in Cell Lytic M (Sigma) and lysate concentrations normalized via absorption readings at 260 nm. Samples were boiled in 2× sample buffer and 10% beta-mercaptoethanol. Equal amounts of lysate were loaded into each gel lane and then separated by SDS-PAGE on 10% Bis-Tris gels and then transferred via semi dry transfer to PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% milk in TRIS buffered saline with Tween-20 (0.1%), membranes were exposed to appropriate primary antibodies. Blots were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and visualized using film and SuperSignal West Dura Chemiluminescent Substrate (Pierce); see FIG. 9. Constructs for lentivirally delivered shRNAs were obtained from Sigma as MISSION glycerol stocks. Lentiviruses were packaged using 293T cells and packaging vectors pMD2.G and pSPAX2. Clones 71, 12, and 95 correspond to shRNAs to SMO and pLKO is plasmid SCH002 which encodes a non-targeting shRNA. shRNA mediated knockdown of SMO and the resultant inhibition of Hedgehog signaling in rat hepatic stellate cells partially recapitulated the anti-fibrotic activity of itraconazole.

Western Blot Analysis of VEGFR2 Migration Pattern after Treatment with Itraconazole

Quiescent rat hepatic stellate cells were seeded at 10⁵ cells per well in 6 well dishes coated with Poly-D-Lysine in stellate cell medium (Sciencell). After 24 hour incubation, cells were then treated with various doses of itraconazole for 24 hours. Cells were harvested by brief trypsinization and centrifugation. Cells were lysed in Cell Lytic M (Sigma) and lysate concentrations normalized via absorption readings at 260 nm. Samples were boiled in 2× sample buffer and 10% beta-mercaptoethanol. Equal amounts of lysate were loaded into each gel lane and then separated by SDS-PAGE on 10% Bis-Tris gels and then transferred via semi dry transfer to PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% milk in TRIS buffered saline with Tween-20 (0.1%), membranes were exposed to appropriate primary antibodies. Blots were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and visualized using film and SuperSignal West Dura Chemiluminescent Substrate (Pierce); see FIG. 10. Itraconazole inhibited VEGFR2 glycosylation and trafficking, thereby causing an inhibition of pro-fibrotic VEGF signaling in rat hepatic stellate cells.

Western Blot Analysis of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells Treated with Combinations of VEGFR and Hedgehog Inhibiting Compounds

Quiescent rat hepatic stellate cells were seeded at 10⁵ cells per well in 6 well dishes coated with Poly-D-Lysine in stellate cell medium (Sciencell). After 24 hour incubation, cells were switched to stellate cell medium containing 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 and the indicated combinations of compounds. After 48 hours of treatment, cells were harvested by brief trypsinization and centrifugation. Cells were lysed in Cell Lytic M (Sigma) and lysate concentrations normalized via absorption readings at 260 nm. Samples were boiled in 2× sample buffer and 10% beta-mercaptoethanol. Three micrograms of lysate were loaded into each gel lane and then separated by SDS-PAGE on 10% Bis-Tris gels and then transferred via semi dry transfer to PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% milk in TRIS buffered saline with Tween-20 (0.1%), membranes were exposed to appropriate primary antibodies. Blots were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and visualized using film and SuperSignal West Dura Chemiluminescent Substrate (Pierce); see FIG. 11. Pharmacological inhibition of either VEGF or Hedgehog signaling in rat hepatic stellate cells partially recapitulated the anti-fibrotic activity of itraconazole or analogs thereof. Dual pharmacological inhibition of VEGF and Hedgehog signaling in rat hepatic stellate cells recapitulated the anti-fibrotic activity of itraconazole.

Activity of Itraconazole and Compound 42 in a Hedgehog Reporter Assay

TM3-GLI-LUC cells (stable clone of mouse TM3 cells expressing Gli-Luc reporter) were harvested and then seeded at 5,000 cells per well in 384 well plates in 40 uL of assay medium (DMEM:F12 and 2% fetal bovine serum). Compounds were dissolved in DMSO in serial dilutions and transferred to the assay plates using a 100 nL pintool head on a Biomek automated workstation. After transfer of compounds, 10 uL of assay medium containing the small molecule hedgehog agonist SAG was added such that the final assay concentration of SAG was 10 nM or 400 nM. Assay plates were incubated for 48 hours before using Bright-Glo reagents to determine luminance signals on an Envision plate reader. Relative GLI-LUC activity of TM3-GLI-LUC cells exposed to 10 nM SAG and indicated doses of inhibitor are shown in FIG. 12a . Relative GLI-LUC activity of TM3-GLI-LUC cells exposed to 400 nM SAG and indicated doses of inhibitor are shown in FIG. 12b . N=3 per dose. Itraconazole and analogs thereof inhibited pro-fibrotic Hedgehog signaling in rat hepatic stellate cells.

Western Blot Analyses of LX2 Human Hepatic Stellate Cells after Knockdown of VEFGR1, VEGFR2, or SMO.

LX2 cells (an immortalized human hepatic stellate cells line, Scot Friedman lab) were plated at 10⁵ cells per well in assay medium (10% fetal bovine serum, DMEM). After 24 hours, cells were transduced with lentiviral particles. After 24 hours of incubation with viral particles, cells were switched to fresh assay medium and incubated for 48 hours. Cells were lysed in Cell Lytic M (Sigma) and lysate concentrations normalized via absorption readings at 260 nm. Samples were boiled in 2× sample buffer and 10% beta-mercaptoethanol. Equal amounts of lysate were loaded into each gel lane and then separated by SDS-PAGE on 10% Bis-Tris gels and then transferred via semi dry transfer to PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% milk in TRIS buffered saline with Tween-20 (0.1%), membranes were exposed to appropriate primary antibodies. Blots were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and visualized using film and SuperSignal West Dura Chemiluminescent Substrate (Pierce); see FIG. 13. Constructs for lentivirally delivered shRNAs were obtained from Sigma as MISSION glycerol stocks. Lentiviruses were packaged using 293T cells and packaging vectors pMD2.G and pSPAX2. Clone 65 corresponds to a shRNA targeting SMO, 31 and 32 correspond to a shRNA targeting VEGFR1, clones 86 and 87 correspond to a shRNA targeting VEGFR2, and pLKO is plasmid SCH002 which encodes a non-targeting shRNA. Genetic knockdown of VEGF and Hedgehog signaling in human stellates cells inhibited pro-fibrotic myofibroblast activation and partially recapitulated the anti-fibrotic activity of itraconazole and analogs thereof.

Table 1 below shows compound analytical data (NMR and MS) as well their biological activity. The EC₅₀ for (imaging and western based) activity is graded as: +++=<500 nM; ++=500 nM to 5 μM; +=5 to 30 μM).

TABLE 1 Cpd Characterization Data (NMR # Structure and LCMS) Activity ITZ

Cis racemate +++ POS

Cis racemate + 1

Cis racemate LC-MS: m/z 673.0 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃: 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 6.79 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (dd, J = 16.4 Hz, 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.98 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.49 (dd, J = 8.0 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.35 (m, 4H), 3.24-3.22 (m, 4H), 1.86 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). ++ 2

LC-MS: m/z 673.0 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.73 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.43 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.96 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (dd, J = 9.6 Hz, 4 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.38- 3.35 (m, 5H), 3.24-3.22 (m, 4H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). ++ 3

LC-MS: m/z 673.0 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.03 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 6.87 (m, 2H), 6.81 (m, 2H), 5.00 (dd, J = 24.4 Hz, 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.97- 3.81 (m, 2H), 3.50 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (m, 4H), 3.25 (m, 4H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). + 4

LC-MS: m/z 686.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.44- 7.30 (m, 3H), 7.03 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 6.87 (m, 2H), 6.76 (m, 2H), 6.01 (m, 1H), 4.55 (dd, J = 28.8 Hz, 12.0 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.71 (m, 3H), 3.37 (br s, 4H), 3.25 (m, 4H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.86 (m, 1H), 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). + 5

LC-MS: m/z 687.0 (M + H) + 6

Cis chiral LC-MS: m/z 673.0 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz. CDCl₃): 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 6.79 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (dd, J = 16.4 Hz, 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.98 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.49 (dd, J = 8.0 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.40 (br s, 4H), 3.28 (br s, 4H), 1.86 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). ++ 7

Trans racemate LC-MS: m/z 673.0 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 6.88-6.80 (m, 4H), 6.72 (m, 2H), 4.66 (dd, J = 16.8 Hz, 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 4.18 (m, 1H), 4.01 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.11 (m, 8H), 1.86 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). + 8

LC-MS: m/z 723.0 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.02 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.54 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.95-6.86 (m, 4H), 6.53 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.15 (dd, J = 20.4 Hz, 12.0 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.41-3.37 (m, 5H), 3.22 (br s, 4H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 1.86 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). ++ 9

LC-MS: m/z 750.9 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.95- 6.88 (m, 4H), 6.84 (m, 2H), 4.65 (dd, J = 15.6 Hz, 12.0 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.98 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 5.6 Hz. 1H), 3.86 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (dd. J = 7.6 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (br s, 4H), 3.25 (br s, 4H), 1.86 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 3H). + 10

LC-MS: m/z 741.0 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J = 6.4 Hz 2H), 6.93- 6.89 (m, 4H), 6.82 (br s, 2H), 4.74 (dd, J = 14.0 Hz, 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.43 (m, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (m, 1H), 3.51 (m, 1H), 3.38 (brs, 4H), 3.25 (br s, 4H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 3H). + 11

LC-MS: m/z 829.3 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.54 (m, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 6.96-6.88 (m, 4H), 6.83 (m, 2H), 4.67 (dd, J = 24.0 Hz, 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.43 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 3.37 (br s, 4H), 3.26 (br s, 4H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). + 12

LC-MS: m/z 723.0 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.88-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.54 (m, 1H), 7.43 (m, 4H), 7.04 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.94-6.83 (m, 4H), 6.41 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.30 (dd, J = 37.6 Hz, 9.6 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.27 (m, 1H), 3.94 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (br s, 1H), 3.36 (br s, 4H), 3.22 (br s, 4H), 2.99 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). + 13

LC-MS: m/z 659.0 (M + H) + 14

LC-MS: m/z 673.0 (M + H) + 15

LC-MS: m/z 705.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 2H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.84- 6.77 (m, 2H), 5.25-5.03 (m, 3H), 4.46-4.36 (m, 1H), 4.36- 4.27 (m, 1H), 3.98-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.48 (dd, J = 9.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (m, 4H), 3.26 (m, 4H), 1.89 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 16

LC-MS: m/z 755.3 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.12 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.86- 7.77 (m, 2H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 4H), 7.33 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.72 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.54-5.29 (m, 2H), 4.56-4.37 (m, 1H), 4.34- 4.18 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.68 (m, 8H), 3.61-3.44 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 17

Trans racemic LC-MS: m/z 755.3 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.95-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 4.6, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.18 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.92-6.84 (m, 2H), 6.72-6.61 (m, 2H), 5.42-5.27 (m, 3H), 4.38-4.22 (m, 2H), 4.01-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.89-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.36 (m, 4H), 3.22 (m, 4H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). + 18

Trans racemic LC-MS: m/z 705.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.63 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.17 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.08-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.96- 6.84 (m, 2H), 6.77-6.63 (m, 2H), 5.19-4.96 (m, 2H), 4.32 (m, 2H), 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.86 (m, 1H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.15 (m, 4H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 19

LC-MS: m/z 704.3 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.09-7.01 (m, 3H), 6.99-6.91 (m, 3H), 6.87-6.77 (m, 2H), 4.62-4.40 (m, 2H), 4.39-4.26 (m, 2H), 3.89 (dd, J = 8.4, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.41- 3.34 (m, 4H), 3.31 (dd, J = 9.6, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.29-3.18 (m, 4H), 1.95-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 20

LC-MS: m/z 754.3 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 9.43 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.08-7.99 (m, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.58-7.46 (m, 4H), 7.21 (m, 3H), 6.57 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 5.33-5.05 (m, 3H), 4.51-4.36 (m, 2H), 4.33- 4.17 (m, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (dd, J = 10.6, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.46 (m, 9H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 21

LC-MS: m/z 716.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 2H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.54- 7.46 (m, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (m, 4H), 6.87 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.25 (m, 2H), 3.96 -3.66 (m, 4H), 3.57-3.38 (m, 8H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.75 (m, 1H), 1.40 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 22

LC-MS: m/z 716.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.13 (dd, J = 2.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 9.03 (dd, J = 5.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53- 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J = 5.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.99- 6.93 (m, 2H), 6.79-6.73 (m, 2H), 4.36-4.28 (m, 2H), 3.85 (dd, J = 8.4, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J = 8.5, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (dd, J = 9.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.56- 3.51 (m, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 13.8 Hz, 1H), 3.44-3.35 (m, 5H), 3.26 (dd, J = 6.5, 3.6 Hz, 4H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). +++ 23

LC-MS: m/z 715.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.51-8.44 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.24- 7.15 (m, 3H), 7.10-7.03 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.80- 6.71 (m, 2H), 4.39-4.27 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.59- 3.45 (m, 3H), 3.45-3.33 (m, 5H), 3.32-3.19 (m, 4H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). +++ 24

LC-MS: m/z 706.3 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.28 (dd, J = 2.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 3H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.99-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.84- 6.76 (m, 3H), 5.26-4.97 (m, 2H), 4.46-4.36 (m, 1H), 4.34- 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.83-3.73 (m, 4H), 3.46 (dd, J = 9.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.27- 3.14 (m, 4H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.80- 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 2H), 0.94 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 25

LC-MS: m/z 706.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.28 (dd, J = 2.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 3H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.99-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.84- 6.76 (m, 3H), 5.26-4.97 (m, 2H), 4.46-4.36 (m, 1H), 4.34- 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.83-3.73 (m, 4H), 3.46 (dd, J = 9.5, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.27- 3.14 (m, 4H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.80- 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 26

LC-MS: m/z 715.3 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.48 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 1H), 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.46 (m, 4H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (m, 1H), 7.05 (m, 2H), 6.94 (m, 2H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 4.31 (m, 2H), 3.81 (m, 2H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.34 (m, 7H), 3.27-3.14 (m, 4H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 27

LC-MS: m/z 704.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (td, J = 2.3, 0.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.25 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.99-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.74 (m, 2H), 6.24 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.91- 4.63 (m, 2H), 4.45-4.24 (m, 2H), 3.94-3.74 (m, 3H), 3.43- 3.30 (m, 5H), 3.29-3.15 (m, 4H), 1.94-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 28

LC-MS: m/z 721.3 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.50 (m, 5H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.11 (m, 2H), 4.49-4.38 (m, 1H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 3.99 (m, 3H), 3.93-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.50 (m, 8H), 1.40 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 29

LC-MS: m/z 732.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 9.16 (s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.17 (m, 2H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.42- 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.16 (h, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.92- 3.79 (m, 3H), 3.72 (s, 4H), 3.64 (q, J = 6.8, 5.1 Hz, 4H), 3.61- 3.50 (m, 2H), 1.48 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H). +++ 30

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 671.41 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 3.17- 3.36 (m, 4H), 3.41-3.43 (m, 5H), 3.77-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.90 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.38 (m, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.82 (s, 2H), 6.90-6.91 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.37 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.63-7.65 (m, 3H). ++ 31

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 705.46 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.27- 3.39 (s, 4H), 3.39-3.47 (s, 4H), 3.48-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.95 (m, 2H), 4.29- 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 6.80-6.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.961 (s, 2H), 7.04-7.07 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.44-7.46 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 3H). ++ 32

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 671.41 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.43 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 3H), 1.69-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.26- 3.51 (m, 9H), 3.82-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.93-3.96 (m, 1H), 4.29-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.43 (m, 1H), 5.08-5.11 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.22-5.25 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 6.79-6.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.91-6.95 (m, 2H), 7.02-7.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24- 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.63-7.68 (m, 4H). + 33

LCMS: 99.39% @ 262 nm; m/z 671.41 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H),1.40- 1.43 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.69-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.27- 3.44 (m, 9H), 3.77-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.94 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.36-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.79-6.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (s, 2H), 7.02-7.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.41- 7.46 (m, 3H), 7.53-7.54 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.65 (m, 3H). ++ 34

LC MS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 682.56 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.25- 1.28 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40-1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.68-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.71 (q, 2H), 3.29-3.33 (m, 5H), 3.42 (s, 4H), 3.72-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.80- 3.83 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.93 (1,J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.39 (m, 2H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 6.78-6.80 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 4H), 7.23-7.25 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.50 (q, 4H), 7.64 (s, 3H). ++ 35

LCMS: 99.39% @ 262 nm; m/z 717.46 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.43 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.28 (s, 4H), 3.41-3.45 (m, 5H), 3.77- 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.92 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.39 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.80-6.82 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 6.95- 6.96 (s, 2H), 7.05-7.07 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.47 (m, 4H), 7.51- 7.53 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.62-7.64 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ++ 36

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 705.36 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.88 (m, 1H), 3.26 (s, 4H), 3.39 (s, 4H), 3.46-3.50 (q, 1H), 3.79-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.92 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.30-4.41 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.80-6.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (s, 2H), 7.04- 7.06 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.32-7.35 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz, 3H), 7.44-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.60-7.64 (m, 4H). + 37

LCMS: 99.81% @ 262 nm; m/z 662.55 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H),1.40- 1.43 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.28 (s, 4H), 3.40 (s, 4H), 3.51-3.58 (q, 1H), 3.84-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.96 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.37- 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 6.81- 6.83 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (s, 2H), 7.02-7.04 (d, 2H), 7.44-7.46 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.61-7.64 (m, 5H), 7.66-7.69 (m, 2H). ++ 38

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 705.41 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 3.17 (s, 1H), 3.27 (s, 2H), 3.41-3.48 (m, 6H), 3.78-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.89- 3.92 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.41 (m, 2H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 6.83-6.92 (m, 4H), 7.06-7.08 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.46- 7.48 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.63-7.67 (m, 6H), 7.78-7.98 (m, 1H). ++ 39

LCMS: 96.30% @ 261 nm; m/z 667.46 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.26- 3.39 (m, 9H), 3.73-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.92 (m, 5H), 4.29-4.39 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s,2H), 6.80 (s, 2H), 6.90- 6.92 (m, 4H), 7.05-7.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.63-7.64 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 3H). ++ 40

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 651.45 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 3.16-3.39 (m, 8H), 3.72- 3.76 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.92 (m, 1H), 4.29-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 6.80 (s, 2H), 6.89-6.94 (m, 2H), 7.02-7.07 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.20-7.22 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.46 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.64-7.65 (m, 3H). ++ 41

LCMS: 100% @ 261 nm; m/z 651.55 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.33 (m, 5H), 3.41 (s, 4H), 3.76-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.88- 3.92 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.36 (m, 2H), 4.87-4.95 (q, 2H), 6.78-6.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.97-7.00 (m, 2H), 7.02-7.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.21-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.47 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 3H), 7.63-7.67 (m, 4H). ++ 42

LCMS: 100% @ 261 nm; m/z 637.45 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.92 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.86- 1.89 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.43 (m, 9H), 3.73-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.93 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 6.79-6.81 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 4H), 7.38-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.44-7.47 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.56-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 3H) +++ 43

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 705.61 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.26 (s, 4H), 3.37-3.41 (m, 4H), 3.82- 3.87 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.94 (m, 1H), 4.29-4.34 (m, 3H), 4.94-5.04, (q, 2H), 6.78-6.80 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (s, 2H), 7.04-7.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.46 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.50-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.63-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.74-7.75 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.83 (m, 1H). + 44

LCMS: 99.84% @ 261 nm; m/z 715.31 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.08- 3.09 (s, 3H), 3.25-3.27 (m, 4H), 3.37-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.51-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.94 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.38- 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 6.80- 6.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.95-6.97 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.04-7.06 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.44-7.46 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.62-7.64 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H), 7.72-7.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.95-7.97 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H). + 45

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 667.36 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 3.26 (s, 4H), 3.34-3.39 (m, 5H), 3.74-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.85 (m, 3H), 3.89-3.91 (m, 2H), 4.31-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.77-6.81 (s, 2H), 6.90-6.93 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.02-7.07 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.47- 7.54 (m, 4H), 7.63-7.65 (m, 3H). + 46

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 719.51 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 2.16- 2.19 (s, 3H), 3.25 (s, 4H), 3.38 (s, 4H), 3.48-3.52 (q, 1H), 3.91-4.00 (m, 3H), 4.29-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.39- 4.41 (m, 1H), 5.06-5.09 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17-5.20 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H), 6.69-6.71 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.78-6.84 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.06 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.20- 7.23 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.52- 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz 1H), 7.60-7.64 (m, 3H). + 47

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 752.51 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.69-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.34 (s, 4H), 3.45-3.52 (m, 5H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.94-3.98 (m, 3H), 4.29- 4.34 (q, 1H), 4.41-4.44 (q, 1H), 5.06-5.10 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.14-5.21 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.82- 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.07 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.19-7.22 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz 1H), 7.44-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.51-7.53 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.65 (m, 3H). + 48

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 758.56 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.27- 3.28 (s, 4H), 3.37-3.38 (s, 4H), 3.50-3.54 (q, 1H), 3.96-4.03 (m, 3H), 4.29-4.34 (q, 1H), 4.40-4.41 (q, 1H), 5.07-5.10 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.16-5.20 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (s, 2H), 7.02-7.06 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.22 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.54 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 2H), 7.64 (s, 1H). ++ 49

LCMS: 100% @ 263 nm; m/z 723.81 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.25- 3.28 (m, 4H), 3.36-3.38 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.55 (q, 1H), 3.92-3.95 (m, 3H), 4.29-4.34 (q, 1H), 4.37-4.42 (q, 1H), 5.04-5.08 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.16-5.20 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 6.65-6.66 (m, 1H), 6.67-6.76 (dd, J₁ = 16.8 Hz and J₂ = 3.2 Hz 1H), 6.86-6.90 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.03-7.06 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.20- 7.23 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz 1H), 7.43-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.52- 7.55 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.64 (m, 3H). ++ 50

LCMS: 100% @ 265 nm; m/z 719.61 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t,, J = 7.2 Hz 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 3.05 (s, 4H), 3.38-3.47 (m, 5H), 3.86-3.96 (m, 3H), 4.29- 4.41 (m, 2H), 5.05-5.09 (d,, J = 14.4 Hz 1H), 5.17-5.21 (d,, J = 14.4 Hz 1H), 6.64-6.73 (m, 2H), 7.02-7.04 (m, 3H), 7.21-7.24 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz 1H), 7.44-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.54-7.57 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62-7.65 (m, 3H). ++ 51

LCMS: 100% @ 262 nm; m/z 735.31 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H),3.16- 3.18 (s, 4H), 3.40-3.42 (m, 4H), 3.47-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.97 (m, 5H), 4.29-4.34 (q, 1H), 4.39-4.41 (q, 1H), 5.05-5.09 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.18-5.22 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 6.34-6.37 (dd, J₁ = 11.2 Hz and J₂ = 2.8 Hz 1H 1H), 6.47-6.48 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.89-6.91 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.04-7.06 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22-7.24 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz 1H), 7.42-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.55-7.64 (m, 4H). ++ 52

LCMS: 99.78% @ 265 nm; m/z 730.51 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.41- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.71-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.89 (m, 1H), 3.30- 3.37 (m, 5H), 3.47-3.51 (m, 4H), 3.80-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.97 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.33 (q, 1H), 4.39-4.42 (q, 1H), 5.05- 5.09 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.17- 5.20 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02- 7.10 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.26 (m, 3H), 7.46-7.59 (m, 4H), 7.64-7.67 (m, 3H). ++ 53

LCMS: 100% @ 263 nm; m/z 741.56 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.91-0.94 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.71-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 3.17 (s, 4H), 3.41-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.51 (s, 1H), 3.81-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.87- 3.96 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.36 (q, 1H), 4.37-4.41 (q, 1H), 5.05-5.08 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.17-5.20 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 6.73-6.76 (dd, J₁ = 11.6 Hz and J₂ = 2.8 Hz 1H), 6.92-6.93 (d, J = 302 Hz, 1H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.25 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz 1H), 7.44-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.54-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.63-7.64 (m, 3H). ++ 54

LCMS: 100% @ 263 nm; m/z 723.81 (M + H). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 0.90-0.94 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 1H), 3.17- 3.20 (m, 4H), 3.38-3.46 (m, 5H), 3.80-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.96 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.36 (q, 1H), 4.37-4.40 (q, 1H), 5.04-5.08 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 5.17-5.21 (d, J = 14.4 Hz, 1H), 6.56-6.64 (m, 2H), 6.92-6.97 (t, 1H), 7.04-7.06 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.22-7.25 (dd, J₁ = 10.4 Hz and J₂ = 2.0 Hz 1H), 7.43-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.55-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.64 (m, 3H). +++ 55

56

LC-MS: m/z 639.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.77 (d, J = 8.63 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 2H), 7.47 (m, 1H), 7.26 (m, 1H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 6.87 (m, 2H), 6.81 (m, 2H), 5.27 (dd, J = 24.4 Hz, 11.6 Hz, 2H),4.42 (m, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.50 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (m, 4H), 3.25 (m, 4H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). + 57

LC-MS: m/z 639.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.85 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.08-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.94- 6.86 (m, 2H), 6.79-6.69 (m, 2H), 5.22-5.05 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 3H), 4.09-3.93 (m, 4H), 3.37 (m, 4H), 3.23 (m, 4H), 1.98-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 58

LC-MS: m/z 643.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.66 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (t, J = 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.97 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 4.44-4.37 (m, 1H), 4.32 (dt, J = 8.6, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (dd, J = 8.3, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J = 9.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (dd, J = 9.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.12 (m, 9H), 2.08-1.65 (m, 7H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (m, 6H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 59

60

61

62

63

LC-MS: m/z 687.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.81 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (m, 3H), 7.71-7.63 (m, 4H), 7.58- 7.48 (m, 4H), 7.09-6.71 (m, 6H), 5.24-5.05 (m, 2H), 4.44 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (td, J = 10.6, 9.8, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.73-3.04 (m, 9H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.76 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

LC-MS: m/z 713.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.73-7.56 (m, 9H), 7.53-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.43-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.06 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (m, 2H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 4.43 (ddd, J = 9.4, 6.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.37-4.26 (m, 1H), 3.97 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J = 8.5, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J = 9.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.07 (m, 9H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 73

74

LC-MS: m/z 662.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.77 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.62- 7.48 (m, 5H), 7.45 (dd, J = 9.1, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.10-7.03 (m, 2H), 7.01-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.89-6.81 (m, 2H), 5.17-5.01 (m, 2H), 4.46 (tt, J = 6.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.39- 4.26 (m, 1H), 4.09 (dd, J = 8.6, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.07-3.95 (m, 2H), 3.70 (dd, J = 9.6, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (m, 4H), 3.26 (m, 4H), 1.89 (m Hz, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 75

LC-MS: m/z 638.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.73 (ddt, J = 4.9, 1.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.76-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.54 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.03 (m, 2H), 7.02- 6.92 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.70 (m, 2H), 5.15 (m, 2H), 4.49 (ddd, J = 11.6, 6.7, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.42-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (td, J = 9.0, 8.4, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (dd, J = 9.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.36 (m, 4H), 3.26 (m, 4H), 1.92 (m, 1H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7, 3H), 0.91 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 76

77

78

LC-MS: m/z 644.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.91 (dd, J = 6.5, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.47-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.39 (t, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 9.0, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.76 (m, 2H), 5.31-5.12 (m, 2H), 4.62 (dq, J = 6.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (ddd, J = 10.5, 9.1, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (dd, J = 9.6, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.45-3.32 (m, 4H), 3.30-3.14 (m, 4H), 1.98-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 79

LC-MS: m/z 730.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64 (m, 3H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.24 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 5.21-5.07 (m, 2H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 3.99 (dtd, J = 18.1, 8.9, 4.6 Hz, 3H), 3.52 (dd, J = 9.5, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (m, 4H), 3.31 (m, 4H), 1.96-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). ++ 80

LC-MS: m/z 733.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.61 (s, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.47- 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.21 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.25-4.97 (m, 2H), 4.44 -4.37 (m, 1H), 4.37- 4.27 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.86 (m, 3H), 3.50 (dd, J = 9.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (m, 4H), 3.32-3.25 (m, 4H), 2.58 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.17 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). + 81

LC-MS: m/z 733.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.23 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.01 (m, 3H), 6.75 (d, J = 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (dd, J = 8.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.27-5.00 (m, 2H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.32 (dt, J = 8.7, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.44 (dd, J = 9.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.41-3.28 (m, 4H), 3.09-2.91 (m, 4H), 2.74 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.98-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.43 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.17 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). + 82

LC-MS: m/z 638.1 (M + H) ¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 2H), 7.54- 7.38 (m, 3H), 7.34 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.09 (m, 4H), 6.94 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 4.24 (m, 2H), 4.06-3.71 (m, 5H), 3.54-3.43 (m, 8H), 1.96- 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.31, (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). + 83

LC-MS: m/z 638.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.62 (d, J = 8.63 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 2H), 7.46-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.03 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 6.87 (m, 2H), 6.81 (m, 2H), 5.00 (dd, J = 24.4 Hz, 11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.50 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (m, 4H), 3.25 (m, 4H), 1.87 (m, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H). + 84

LC-MS: m/z 648.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.08 (dd, J = 2.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 9.01 (dd, J = 5.2, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.50- 7.30 (m, 8H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.99-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.81- 6.71 (m, 2H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 3.93- 3.67 (m, 5H), 3.61-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.39 (m, 4H), 3.27 (m, 4H), 3.19 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 1H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H). ++ 85

86

87

88

LC-MS: m/z 615.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.66 (m, 3H), 7.47 (m, 2H), 7.07- 6.88 (m, 6H), 4.59-4.47 (m, 2H), 4.26 (m, 2H), 4.15-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.60 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.41-3.22 (m, 8H), 2.67 (m, 1H), 2.12-1.70 (m, 8H), 1.40 (m, 3H), 0.97 (m, ++ 3H). 89

90

LC-MS: m/z 603.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.72 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.09-7.02 (m, 2H), 7.01-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.78 (m, 2H), 4.73-4.56 (m, 2H), 4.51-4.43 (m, 1H), 4.32 (dp, J = 8.6, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (dd, J = 8.3, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J = 10.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dd, J = 9.9, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (t. J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.44- 3.35 (m, 4H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 4H), 1.95-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (dd, J = 11.5, 6.9 Hz, 6H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 91

92

LC-MS: m/z 645.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.00-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.91-6.81 (m, 2H), 4.74- 4.59 (m, 2H), 4.50-4.38 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.12- 3.84 (m, 4H), 3.78 (dd, J = 9.9, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.45-3.29 (m, 5H), 3.30- 3.18 (m, 4H), 1.97-1.81 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.70 (m, 3H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 93

LC-MS: m/z 644.1 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.11 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (dd, J = 9.2, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (dd, J = 16.7, 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (dd, J = 9.2, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 7.09-6.96 (m, 2H), 4.78-4.67 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.19-3.95 (m, 3H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.51 (m, 10H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 2.31-1.64 (m, 7H), 1.40 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). + 94

95

96

97

98

99

100

LC-MS: m/z 719.2 (M + H) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.03 (m, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.96- 6.87 (m, 2H), 4.53-4.21 (m, 4H), 4.19-4.03 (m, 3H), 3.90 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.40 (m, 4H), 3.27 (m, 4H), 2.82-2.64 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.83- 1.64 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H). +++ 101

LC-MS: m/z 733.2 (M + H) +

Cyp Reversible Inhibition Assay

The purpose of this assay was to determine reversible inhibition of Cyp enzyme with a given compound using a substrate probe turnover as the surrogate for inhibition. This was done with human liver microsomes rather an isolated enzyme to account for metabolites of parent drug leading to a potential drug-drug interaction through Cyp inhibition. The substrate turnover (for example conversion of midazolam to hydroxyl midazolam) was monitored by LCMSMS (Q1/Q2=342.2/203.2). Test compounds were tested in a 7-point dose response curve starting from 50 μM to 50 nM (˜3-fold dilution series). For Cyp 3A4, the positive control compound was ketoconazole with an IC₅₀˜25 nM.

The detailed protocol was as follows:

-   -   Prepared test compounds and standard inhibitors working solution         (100×).     -   Pulled microsomes out of the −80° C. freezer to thaw on ice,         labeled with the date and put back to freezer immediately after         using.     -   Added 20 μl of the substrate solutions to corresponding wells.     -   Added 20 μL PB to Blank wells.     -   Added 2 μl of the test compounds and positive control working         solution to corresponding wells.     -   Added 2 μL MeOH to No Inhibitor wells and Blank wells.     -   Prepared HLM working solution.     -   Added 158 μl of the HLM working solution to all wells of         incubation plate.     -   Pre-warmed the plate for about 10 min at 37° C. water bath.     -   Prepared NADPH cofactor solution.     -   Added 20 μL NADPH cofactor to all incubation wells.     -   Mixed and incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C. water bath.     -   At the time point, terminated the reaction by adding 400 μL cold         stop solution (200 ng/mL Tolbutamide in ACN).     -   Centrifuged the samples at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes to         precipitate protein.     -   Transferred 200 μL supernatant to 200 μL HPLC water and shook         for 10 min.     -   Analyzed samples by LC/MS/MS.

Compound data obtained by this assay are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Cyp 3A4 midazolam Cyp 3A4 testosterone Compound # LCMS IC₅₀ (μM) LCMS IC₅₀ (μM) 1 4.5 2 >30 15 >50; >50 >50 19 0.0031 0.0069 21 0.144 0.12 22 >50, >50 >50, >50 23 0.321 24 >10, >30 26 0.18 0.283 27 >50, >50 >50, >50 30 >50 >50 32 >50 >50 36 >50 >50 41 >50, >50 >50 42 >50, >50 >50, >50 49 >50 >50 54 >50 >50 74 >50 >50 79 >50 >50 84 2.55, 2.35 1.77 100 0.372 0.545 ITZ 0.0447, 0.0546 0.0127

Cyp Time-Dependent Inhibition (TDI) Assay

The purpose of this assay was to ascertain the ability for compounds to form irreversibly inhibited cytochrome P450 adducts (also known as mechanism-based inhibition (MBI)) in human liver microsomes. Compared to competitive CYP inhibition, it has been recognized that MBI is a much greater concern in drug discovery and development, because inactivation of CYPs can lead to non-linear pharmacokinetics and underestimate drug-drug interaction potential. The data from this assay was used in conjunction to the reversible inhibition assay. The TDI assay was generally performed in liver microsomes to assess TDI potential of parent drug as well as metabolites. The readout was an IC₅₀ shift with NADPH (the inactivation/TDI set) to allow for compound to be converted to a reactive species and without NADPH (control set to correct for protein degradation during pre-incubation of 20 minutes). Then both incubation sets were diluted with fresh assay buffer containing NADPH Cyp specific substrates (midazolam for Cyp3A4) and inhibition of midazolam hydroxylation was measured by LC-MS/MS (Q1/Q2=m/z 342.2/203.2). An IC₅₀ shift >1.5-fold was considered to be positive for time dependent inhibition where the 20 min pre-incubation leads to an increase in potency. Troleandomycin was used as a positive control compound, exhibiting a TDI IC₅₀ shift of >20. Test compounds were tested in a 7-point dose response curve starting from 50 μM to 50 nM (˜3-fold dilution series).

The detailed protocol was as follows:

-   -   Prepared test compounds and positive control working solution         (100×) in 1:1 DMSO/MeOH     -   Pulled microsomes out of the −80° C. freezer to thaw.     -   Prepared incubation mix and added 147.5 μL to all wells of         incubation plate.     -   Prepared cofactor solution and substrate dilution solution.         -   Added 2.5 μL of the test compounds and positive control             working solution to corresponding wells. Final compound             concentrations in 7-point dose response from 50 μM to 50 nM         -   Added 2.5 μL 1:1 DMSO/MeOH to NIC wells     -   Pre-warmed the plate for about 10 min at 37° C.     -   Added 50 μL cofactor to pre-incubation wells     -   Added 50 μL substrate dilution solution to incubation wells.     -   Mixed and pre-incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. water bath.     -   Added 50 μL cofactor to incubation wells;         -   Added 50 μL substrate dilution solution to pre-incubation             wells.     -   Mixed and incubated for 5 minutes at 37° C. water bath.     -   At the time point, terminated the reaction by adding cold 250 μL         IS-fortified stop solution to all wells.     -   Centrifuged the incubation plate at 4000 rpm for 20 min.     -   Transferred 200 μL supernatant into 200 μL HPLC water and shook         for 10 min.     -   Analyzed samples by LCMS.

Compound data obtained from this assay are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 TDI ratio: 3A4-Midazolam 3A4-Midazolam (−) NADPH/ Compd # IC₅₀ (−) NADPH IC₅₀ (+) NADPH (+) NADPH 15 >50 μM   41 μM ~1.2 (no TDI)   42 >50 μM >50 μM ~1 (no TDI) 22 >50 μM >50 μM ~1 (no TDI)

PXR (Cyp 3A4) Activation Assay

CYP3A4 metabolism was evaluated by using P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 Assay with Luciferin-IPA as the substrate of CYP3A4 and represented as RLU (Relative Luminescence Units). PXR activation was evaluated by using a luciferase detection reagent, ONE-Glo™ and represented as RLU. The luminescence light intensity was directly proportional to the extent of PXR activation and accompanying gene transcription in the DPX2 cells. Compounds were tested at 10, 1, and 0.1 μM in the assay. Fold of induction=(RLU/RFU of compound treated sample)/(RLU/RFU of vehicle treated sample), RFU was the signal of cell viability. RLU was the signal of CYP3A metabolism and PXR activation. 0.1% DMSO was used as vehicle. Cell viability was detected by using CellTiter-Fluor™ and represented as RFU (Relative Fluorescence Units).

Activation potency was defined as negative, weak, moderate and strong. Negative, weak, moderate and strong activators are those that give <15%, <40%, <69% and >70%, respectively, of the response produced by 10 μM RIF at 10 μM.

Compound data obtained from this assay are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 PXR activation (fold induction Compd # compared to Rifampicin) 15   ~1x (no induction) 42 ~1.5x (no induction) 22 ~1.1x (no induction) Candida albicans Anti Fungal MIC Potency Determination

The wild type Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) was used and Fluconazole, amphotericin B, itraconazole and terbinafine were purchased from Sigma and used as positive controls.

The highest assay concentration for all test compounds and fluconazole was 100 μM. Fluconazole was also tested at the highest concentration of 64 μg/ml, and amphotercin B and terbinafine at 16 and 64 μg/ml. The test compounds were in DMSO stock solution at a concentration of 10 mM. Two stock solutions in DMSO were prepared for fluconazole at 10 mM and 6.4 mg/ml. Amphotericin B and terbinafine stock solutions in DMSO were prepared at 1.6 and 6.4 mg/ml.

Serial dilution of 100× stock solutions: 4 μl of stock solution was added into 196 μl of RPMI1640 (MOPS buffered and free of HEPES and sodium bicarbonate) in the first well of a row of a sterile u-bottom 96-well plate. The rest of the wells was filled with 100 μl RPMI1640. The 2-fold serial dilution was made sequentially by transferring 100 μl solution to the next well and mixing by pipetting, until 11th well. The extra 100 μl in 11th well was discarded. Therefore, the compound wells contained 100 μl of 2× of testing concentrations of drugs in RPMI1640. The 12th well was filled with only 100 μl RPMI1640.

C. albicans 3147 (ATCC 10231) glycerol frozen stock was streaked on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The plate was incubated at 35° C. ambient atmosphere for 20 h. Single colonies were suspended into sterile saline until turbidity reached 0.1 (1-5×106 CFU/ml) using a Siemens turbidity meter. This suspension was diluted 50× in RPMI1640 in a 15 ml conical, and then it was further diluted 20× in RPMI1640 in a 50 ml conical. This gave 1-5×103 CFU/ml suspension and was used as inoculum. The cell density in inoculum was plate-counted to be 4.94×103 CFU/ml.

MIC determination: Within 15 min, 100 μl of prepared bacterial inoculum was added into each well of compound/RPMI1640-containing plate. The plates were incubated at 35° C. in ambient atmosphere. The photos were taken at 24 h and 48 h. The MIC end points for fluconazole and amphotericin B were read according to the M27-A3 protocol (Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard-Third Edition, M27-A3 standard published Jan. 1, 2008 by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). The MIC for compounds for test cmpds and terbinafine (not mentioned in M27-A3 protocol) were read as if they were azoles.

Data for compounds tested in this assay are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 C. Albicans MIC90 C. Albicans MIC90 Compound # at 24 h (μM) at 48 h (μM) 15 >100 >100 19 0.195 0.195 21 >100 >100 22 >100 >100 23 >100 >100 26 >100 >100 27 >100 >100 30 >100 >100 32 >100 >100 36 >100 >100 41 >100 >100 42 >100 >100 49 >100 >100 54 >100 >100 79 >100 >100 84 >100 >100 100 0.781 1.563 101 >100 >100

Mouse Pharmacokinetic (PK) Studies

Compounds with suitable in vitro ADME properties were progressed to in vivo PK studies. A snapshot format in mice was used to quickly assess the potential for lead candidates to be orally bioavailable. The snapshot format involved a single dose (typically 20 mg/kg) given orally in a standard vehicle (5% PEG/DMSO in water for example). Compounds were infused directly into MS analysis to determine unique MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) signal that is concentration dependent in either ESI positive or negative modes. HPLC analysis using various solvent gradients was performed from organic and aqueous solution to ensure good peak shape of desired Q1/Q2 masses. Formulations included 45% Cyclodextrin in water (as is used clinically for Itraconazole). Other formulations that may used are solutol, Eudragit, MC/Tween, etc. Standard curves were generated using plasma spiked with compound at various concentrations (10 ng/mL to 2000 ng/mL) to determine linear range of Q1/Q2 mass signal to compound concentration using female mouse heparinized plasma. Mice were dosed orally with compound, plasma samples collected by retro-orbital bleeds. Five time points were collected (30 min, 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h) into heparinized collection tubes. Protein precipitation was performed and compound extracted in cold acetonitrile and analyzed by MS. Nonwinlin was used for PK modeling as needed.

Study results are presented in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Compound # PK study results 42 20 mg/kg in 45% cyclodextrin with water: AUC_(0-24 h) = 42.67 ± 4.90 μM*h C_(max) = 3.16 ± 0.4 μM 22 20 mg/kg in 0.5% MC/0.5% TW80 suspension vehicle: AUC_(0-24 h) = 2.21 ± 0.02 μM*h C_(max) = 0.17 ± 0.03 μM 22 20 mg/kg in 45% cyclodextrin with water: AUC_(0-24 h) = 8.08 ± 1.72 μM*h C_(max) = 1.7 1 ± 0.44 μM

Example II Animal Models

To demonstrate in vivo anti-fibrotic activity, carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced liver and bleomycin induced lung and skin rodent fibrosis models were established. These in vivo assays took 6-8 weeks to complete (including full histological analysis). Typical experiments consisted of groups of 6-8 animals treated with itraconazole (2-4 doses), 1 or 2 itraconazole analogues (2-4 doses), vehicle, and benchmark treatments (pirfenidone and AM-152). AM-152 (Amira Pharmaceuticals) is an LPA1 (Lysophosphatidic acid 1) receptor antagonist. This target has been described as relevant to exacerbation of IPF systems in a mouse bleomycin model (British Journal of Pharmacology (2010), 160, 1699-1713). AM-152 is an advanced compound on this target as has been previously described in more detail in WO 2012/078805 and was used as a positive control and comparator to the compound disclosed in this application.

Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis Model

Nine-week old B6 male mice (Taconic farms) were surgically implanted with osmotic pumps delivering 25 mg/kg bleomycin for seven days. 17 days after surgery mice were treated with drug for 2 weeks. Drug treatments were administered as described in study design (FIG. 14). Previously described anti-fibrotic drugs AM-152 and pirfenidone were used as positive control drugs. Lung sections were stained with Masson's trichrome and following scanning, eight random fields were taken per animal for analysis. Data are represented as mean and s.e.m. (FIG. 15a ). A graphical representation of model used to evaluate anti-fibrotic drugs is shown in FIG. 15b . Representative images of Masson's trichrome stained lung from indicated treatment groups are shown in FIG. 15c . Stained lung sections were analyzed according to a modified Ashcroft scoring system (FIG. 16) and using an unbiased automated image analysis method. Total Masson's trichrome stained area was generated using an automated image analysis macro in ImageJ. Each image was then converted to an RGB stack, and the threshold for stained area was set such that only lung tissue was included in the analysis while empty spaces such as respiratory ducts and alveoli were excluded. Total stained area was then determined by using the area measurement function within ImageJ. Mean Ashcroft scores and mean percent stained area values indicated that itraconazole and analogs thereof dose dependently decreased lung fibrosis disease severity in this model (FIGS. 17a and 17b ). At a dose of 10 mg/kg (SID), compound 42 decreased lung fibrosis disease severity with efficacy that was as good or better when compared to control compounds AM-152 (30 mg/kg BID) and pirfenidone (400 mg/kg, BID).

Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis Model

Drug treatments were administered as described in study design (FIG. 18). Liver sections were stained with Sirius Red solution. After scanning, 5 random images per animal were generated. Total percent area positive for Sirius Red staining was generated using an automated image macro in Image J. Briefly, each image was converted to a RGB stack, and the threshold for stained area was set such that no nuclei were included in the analysis. Total red area was quantitatively determined by using the area measurement function within ImageJ (FIG. 19a ). Numerical data of the image analysis of the CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis model is shown in FIG. 19b . Representative images of Sirius Red stained liver sections of the CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis model are shown in FIG. 19c . Levels in alpha smooth muscle actin (aSMA) livers were analyzed by western blot (FIG. 19d ). Pieces of liver from the CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis model were homogenized in PBS with a homogenizer and steel balls. Debris was discarded by centrifugation and lysate concentrated determined by Nanodrop absorbance measurements at 260 nm. Equal amounts of lysate were loaded into each gel lane and then separated by SDS-PAGE on 10% Bis-Tris gels and then transferred via semi dry transfer to PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% milk in TRIS buffered saline with Tween-20 (0.1%), membranes were exposed to appropriate primary antibodies. Blots were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies and visualized using film and SuperSignal West Dura Chemiluminescent Substrate (Pierce). Siruis red staining and western blot analysis indicated that itraconazole dose dependently decreased liver fibrosis disease severity.

Rodent Wound Healing Model

The effect of itraconazole and analogs thereof on normal wound healing was evaluated using a standard rodent wound healing model (study design shown in FIG. 20; results in FIG. 21). Five days prior to the initiation of the model, mice were anesthetized and the back skin hair was removed using Nair. On day 1, mice were weighed and one sterile biopsy punch (5 mm diameter) was made by punching through the full thickness of the folded back skin (2×5 mm dial holes in total). The size of the wounds was measured daily using calipers. Body weight was monitored twice a week thoughout the study. On day 1 and until the end of the study, drug treatment (25 mg/kg, SID of itraconazole, 25 mg/kg SID compound 42 or vehicle) was administered daily using 5 ml/kg dosing volume. On days 7, 11 and 14, animals were euthanized from each group and wounds were collected for histological analysis. When collecting the wounds, wounds were cut out including a few mm of the surrounding skin. For each animal, two pieces of wound were collected and fixed for histology analysis. Itraconazole and compound 42 had no effect on tissue architecture or rates of normal wound healing compared to vehicle controls, based on histological analysis and daily caliper measurements.

Example III Phase II Clinical Study for Scleroderma

A phase II placebo controlled randomized double blind clinical trial demonstrates Proof of Concept for an optimized anti-fibrotic itraconazole analogue in patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma or systemic scleroderma with diffuse cutaneous involvement. Patients that satisfy the enrollment criteria make up two equal groups of 30. The experimental arm is given a single high dose of drug every day for 6 months and the placebo comparator arm will be given placebo every day for 6 months. The single high dose of drug is determined based on preclinical efficacy, target engagement in a preclinical cynomolgus toxicology study and a phase I safety study. The primary outcome measure is a comparison of the efficacy of drug vs placebo based on percent variation in m-RSS (score 0-51, 17 site) between inclusion and monthly visits. Secondary outcome measures are a comparison of efficacy of drug vs placebo based on variation in m-RSS between inclusion and follow-up time points (1, 3 and 6 months); assessment of target engagement as determined by expression profiling of hedgehog and VEGFR target genes using skin biopsies obtained at inclusion and at 6 months; assessment of skin thickness at inclusion and 6 months using skin biopsies; assessment of treatment of non-cutaneous symptoms in systemic scleroderma patients; assessment of quality of life using a health assessment questionnaire and the Dermatology Quality of Life Index; and assessment of tolerance of treatment using clinical and laboratory monitoring of side effects (including assessment of signs of negative inotropic effects using cardiac ultrasound). Successful Proof of Concept will be established if >40% of patients have m-RSS improvement (defined as decline in m-RSS of ≧5.3 units between baseline and last study visit at 6 months).

The precise target patient population consists of patients diagnosed with diffuse (or severe) cutaneous scleroderma (modified Rodnan skin score, m-RSS ≧16/51). Patients diagnosed with localized diffuse cutaneous scleroderma or systemic scleroderma with diffuse cutaneous involvement, as defined by the American College of Rheumatology, are the known patient subsets.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for patient recruitment of a phase II proof of concept study are as follows. Patients will be 18 years of age or older with documented diagnosis of cutaneous or systemic scleroderma. A baseline m-RSS of ≧16/51 indicative of diffuse cutaneous scleroderma is required. A pre-inclusion cardiac ultrasound ejection fraction score of more than 55% (i.e., normal) is required for inclusion. Patients will be excluded if they have been treated with a drug (e.g., methotrexate, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, bosentan) that has the potential to interfere with the course of disease within a 3 month period prior to the start of the trial. Patients suffering from severe organ failure, chronic liver disease (e.g., liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis), cancer, chronic illness (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, HIV) or having anomalous blood chemistry will be excluded. Patients having had major surgery less than 4 weeks before inclusion will be excluded. Patients contraindicated to itraconazole, as specified in product specifications, will be excluded. Specifically, patients with evidence of ventricular dysfunction (e.g., congestive heart failure, CHF), at risk of CHF or having been treated with inotropic drugs will be excluded. Patients having suffered myocardial infarction less than 6 months prior to inclusion will be excluded.

Patients included in a phase II proof of concept study are identified and selected for treatment in collaboration with dermatology clinicians at multiple sites within the United States. A coordinating investigator that is a member of the Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium oversees patient recruitment and serves as the study chair. Patients are diagnosed with localized diffuse cutaneous scleroderma or systemic scleroderma with diffuse cutaneous involvement. Patients are stratified based on scleroderma diagnosis (i.e., localized or systemic), sex and age to ensure equal distribution within treatment populations. Additionally, patients are stratified based on the severity of cutaneous involvement to ensure an equal number of patients with severe cutaneous involvement (m-RSS≧20/51) within treatment populations. This stratification requires an initial diagnostic test involving cutaneous induration scale and skin biopsy. Patients are required to undergo a cardiac ultrasound diagnostic test prior to inclusion to ensure normal heart function (ejection fraction score >55%).

As there is currently no treatment indicated directly to inhibit fibrosis in scleroderma patients, there is no comparator agent to be used in studies of patients. The new agent is dosed alone. Patients taking any medication are monitored to ensure that the new agent does not alter the pharmacokinetic and metabolism properties of the medication being taken.

The modified Rodnan skin score (m-RSS) is an identified, measurable and validated biomarker used to evaluate clinical efficacy in scleroderma patients. Briefly, total skin surface is arbitrarily divided into 17 sites. In each area, manual palpitation is used to asses a skin score. The skin score varies from 0-3 based on degree of skin thickening (0, uninvolved; 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe). The total skin score is the of sum scores from each of the 17 areas (maximum score of 51). Patients having a score of between 16 and 19 are classified as diffuse and those having a score of ≧20 are classified as severe. This skin scoring system has been demonstrated to correlate very well with the extent of dermal fibrosis and also correlates well with the extent of fibrosis/dysfunction in internal organs (in systemic scleroderma patients). Target engagement in skin can be assessed by monitoring changes in expression of hedgehog and VEGFR target genes using skin biopsies.

Example IV Phase II Clinical Study for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of compound of formula (I) and formula (II) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, compared with placebo. The clinical trial is interventional. The allocation of the clinical study participants is randomized; the intervention model is parallel assignment; and there is a double blind masking of the study (subject, caregiver, investigator). The present clinical study primarily measures the rate of change of forced vital capacity, and secondarily measures the safety based on AEs, vital signs and clinical laboratory tests.

The inclusion criteria for patient recruitment are as follows:

-   -   Both genders between the ages of 40 and 80 years, inclusive, at         randomization.     -   Have clinical symptoms consistent with Idiopathic Pulmonary         Fibrosis (IPF).     -   Have first received a diagnosis of IPF at least 6 months and no         more than 48 months before randomization. The date of diagnosis         is defined as the date of the first available HRCT or surgical         lung biopsy consistent with IPF/UIP.     -   Have a diagnosis of usual interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (UIP)         or IPF by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) or surgical         lung biopsy (SLB)     -   Extent of fibrotic changes (honeycombing, reticular changes)         greater than the extent of emphysema on HRCT scan.     -   Have no features supporting an alternative diagnosis on         transbronchial biopsy, BAL, or SLB, if performed.     -   Have percent predicted post-bronchodilator FVC between 50% and         80%, inclusive, at screening.     -   Have a change in post-bronchodilator FVC (measured in liters)         between screening and day 1 that is less than a 10% relative         difference, calculated as: the absolute value of 100% (screening         FVC (L)−day 1 FVC (L))/screening FVC(L).     -   Have carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) between 30% and         80% (adjusted for hemoglobin and altitude, inclusive, at         screening.     -   Have no evidence of improvement in measures of IPF disease         severity over the preceding year, in the investigator's opinion.     -   Be able to walk 150 meters or more during the 6 minute walk test         (6 MWT) at screening.     -   Demonstrate a decrease in oxygen saturation of 2 percentage         points or greater during the 6 MWT at screening (may be         performed with supplemental oxygen titrating to keep oxygen         saturation levels >88%).     -   Are able to understand and sign a written informed consent form.     -   Are able to understand the importance of adherence to study         treatment and the study protocol and are willing to comply with         all study requirements, including the concomitant medication         restrictions, throughout the study.     -   Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) and men who are sexually         active with WOCBP must use acceptable method(s) of         contraception.

The exclusion criteria for patient recruitment are as follows:

i) Target Disease Exclusions

-   -   (1) Has significant clinical worsening of IPF between screening         and day 1 (during the screening process), in the opinion of the         investigator.     -   (2) Has forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/FVC ratio         less than 0.8 after administration of bronchodilator at         screening.     -   (3) Has bronchodilator response, defined by an absolute increase         of 12% or greater and an increase of 200 mL in FEV1 or FVC or         both after bronchodilator use compared with the values before         bronchodilator use at screening.

ii) Medical History and Concurrent Diseases

-   -   (1) Has a history of clinically significant environmental         exposure known to cause pulmonary fibrosis.     -   (2) Has a known explanation for interstitial lung disease.     -   (3) Has a clinical diagnosis of any connective tissue disease.     -   (4) Currently has clinically significant asthma or chronic         obstructive pulmonary disease.     -   (5) Has clinical evidence of active infection.     -   (6) Has any history of malignancy likely to result in         significant disability or likely to require significant medical         or surgical intervention within the next 2 years. This does not         include minor surgical procedures for localized cancer (e.g.,         basal cell carcinoma).     -   (7) Has any condition other than IPF that, in the opinion of the         investigator, is likely to result in the death of the subject         within the next 2 years.     -   (8) Has a history of end-stage liver disease.     -   (9) Has a history of end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis.     -   (10) Has a history of unstable or deteriorating cardiac or         pulmonary disease (other than IPF) within the previous 6 months.     -   (11) Has a history of alcohol or substance abuse in the past 2         years.     -   (12) Has a family or personal history of long QT syndrome and/or         Torsades de Pointes (polymorphic ventricular tachycardia).     -   (13) Has used any of the following specific therapies within 7         days before screening:         -   (a) Investigational therapy, defined as any drug that has             not been approved for marketing for any indication in the             country of the participating site.         -   (b) Any cytotoxic, immunosuppressive, cytokine-modulating,             or receptor-antagonist agent, including, but not limited to,             azathioprine, bosetan, ambrisentan, cyclophosphamide,             cyclosporine, etanercept, iloprost, infliximab, leukotriene             antagonists, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil,             tacrolimus, montelukast, tetrathiomolybdate, tumor necrosis             factor alpha inhibitors, NAC, imatinib mesylate, interferon             gamma-1b, pirfenidone, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.         -   (c) Colchicine, heparin, and warfarin. Sildenafil (daily             use) may be used if given for a non-IPF indication if there             is no clinically acceptable alternate therapy for the same             indication; intermittent use for erectile dysfunction is             allowed.         -   (d) Intermittent use of corticosteroids is allowed for acute             respiratory worsening.         -   (e) Ketoconazole, cyclosporine and steroids for topical and             ophthalmic use is permitted. 

1. A method to treat fibrosis, a disorder characterized by fibrosis, or a disease characterized by fibrosis, the method comprising administering a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof:

wherein: A¹ and A² are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl; B is

C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, wherein the heterocyclyl or the heteroaryl contains 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms; D is aryl or heteroaryl; E is aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, hetercyclyl, or alkyl; each R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl, haloalkyl, or alkoxy; X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from N and CR⁵; R⁵ is H, OH, alkyl, or alkoxy; each R⁶ is independently alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, alkoxy, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), or aryl; each R⁸ is independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halo, hydroxy, nitrile, azido, nitro, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), -alkylene(cycloalkyl), -alkylene(heterocyclyl), aryl, heteroaryl, —SR¹³, —SOR¹³, —SO₂R¹³, —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)OR¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, and —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; or two adjacent R⁸ form a heterocyclyl ring; each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; or R¹³ and R¹⁴ taken together form a heterocycle with the atoms to which they are attached; Y¹ and Y² are independently selected from O, CH₂, NH, and NR¹³; n is 1, 2, or 3; m is 1 or 2; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 1, 2, or 3; r is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; s is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and v is 0, 1, 2, 3, or
 4. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein X₁ and X₂ are N.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein X₁ is CR⁵ and X₂ is N.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein X₁ is N and X₂ is CR⁵.
 5. The method of any one of claims 2-4, wherein q is 1 and r is
 0. 6. The method of any of one of claims 1-5, wherein A¹ is aryl.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein A¹ is


8. The method of any of one of claims 1-5, wherein A¹ is heteroaryl.
 9. The method of any of one of claims 1-8, wherein A² is aryl.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein A² is


11. The method of any of one of claims 1-8, wherein A² is heteroaryl.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein A² is pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, or triazine.
 13. The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein C is

and R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl).
 14. The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein C is

and R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl).
 15. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein E is alkyl.
 16. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein E is cycloalkyl.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein E is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
 18. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein E is heterocyclyl.
 19. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein E is aryl.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein E is

and u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 21. The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein E is heteroaryl.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein E is selected from:

W¹, W², W³, W⁴, W⁵, W⁶, and W⁷ are independently selected from N and CR⁹; Z¹ is NR¹², S, or O; Z² is N or CR⁹; each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently selected from H and alkyl; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together form a heterocycle with the nitrogen to which they are attached; and R12 is H, alkyl or haloalkyl.
 23. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein D is aryl.
 24. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein D is heteroaryl.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein D is selected from

W¹, W², W³, W⁴, and W⁵ are independently selected from N and CR⁹; W⁶ is N or C; and each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.
 26. The method of any one of claims 1-25 wherein Y¹ and Y² are O.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein m is
 1. 28. The method of any one of claims 1-27 wherein p is 1, 2, or
 3. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein p is
 1. 30. The method of any one of claims 1-29 wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.
 31. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound is selected from:


32. The method of any one of claims 1-31 wherein the fibrosis is liver fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, or cardiac fibrosis.
 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the liver fibrosis is associated with the later stages of alcoholic or nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis.
 34. The method of claim 32 wherein the fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
 35. The method of any one of claims 1-31 wherein the disease or disorder characterized by fibrosis is a chronic autoimmune disease.
 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the chronic autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Crohn's disease or systemic lupus erythematosus.
 37. The method of claim 36 wherein the chronic autoimmune disease is scleroderma.
 38. The method of any one of claims 1-31 wherein the fibrosis is keloid formation resulting from abnormal wound healing.
 39. The method of any one of claims 1-31 wherein the fibrosis occurs after organ transplantation.
 40. A compound of Formula (II), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof:

wherein: A¹ and A² are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl;

B is C is optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl or optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, wherein the heterocyclyl or the heteroaryl contains 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms; D is aryl or heteroaryl; E is aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, hetercyclyl, or alkyl; each R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl, haloalkyl, or alkoxy; X₁ and X₂ are independently selected from N and CR⁵; R⁵ is H, OH, alkyl, or alkoxy; each R⁶ is independently alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, alkoxy, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), or aryl; R⁷ is alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -alkylene(cycloalkyl), or -alkylene(heterocyclyl); each R8 is independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, halo, hydroxy, nitrile, azido, nitro, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, -alkylene(NR¹³R¹⁴), -alkylene(cycloalkyl), -alkylene(heterocyclyl), aryl, heteroaryl, —SR¹³, —SOR¹³, —SO₂R¹³, —SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³R¹⁴, —NR¹³SO₂R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)R¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)OR¹⁴, —NR¹³C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, and —C(O)NR¹³R¹⁴; or two adjacent R⁸ form a heterocyclyl ring; each R¹³ and R¹⁴ is independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; or R¹³ and R¹⁴ taken together form a heterocycle with the atoms to which they are attached; Y¹ and Y² are independently selected from O, CH₂, NH, and NR¹³; n is 1, 2, or 3; m is 1 or 2; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 1, 2, or 3; r is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; s is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and v is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; provided that: if X₁ and X₂ are N; r is 0; q is 1; A¹ and A² are phenyl; Y¹ and Y² are O; m and n are 1; R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen; and C

is then D is not

and the compound is not 4-(4-(4-(4-((2-((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one.
 41. The compound of claim 40, wherein X₁ and X₂ are N.
 42. The compound of claim 40, wherein X₁ is CR⁵ and X₂ is N.
 43. The compound of claim 40, wherein X₁ is N and X₂ is CR⁵.
 44. The compound of any one of claims 40-43, wherein q is 1 and r is
 0. 45. The compound of any of one of claims 40-44, wherein A¹ is aryl.
 46. The compound of claim 45 wherein A¹ is


47. The compound of any of one of claims 40-44, wherein A¹ is heteroaryl.
 48. The compound of any of one of claims 40-47, wherein A² is aryl.
 49. The compound of claim 48, wherein A² is


50. The compound of any of one of claims 40-47, wherein A² is heteroaryl.
 51. The compound of claim 50, wherein A² is pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, or triazine.
 52. The compound of any one of claims 40-51, wherein C is


53. The compound of any one of claims 40-51, wherein C is


54. The compound of any one of claims 40-53, wherein E is alkyl.
 55. The compound of any one of claims 40-53, wherein E is cycloalkyl.
 56. The compound of claim 55, wherein E is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
 57. The compound of any one of claims 40-53, wherein E is heterocyclyl.
 58. The compound of any one of claims 40-53, wherein E is aryl.
 59. The compound of claim 58, wherein E is

and u is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 60. The compound of any one of claims 40-53, wherein E is heteroaryl.
 61. The compound of claim 60, wherein E is selected from:

W¹, W², W³, W⁴, W⁵, W⁶, and W⁷ are independently selected from N and CR⁹; Z¹ is NR¹², S, or O; Z² is N or CR⁹; each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; each R¹⁰ and R¹¹ is independently selected from H and alkyl; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together form a heterocycle with the nitrogen to which they are attached; and R¹² is H, alkyl or haloalkyl.
 62. The compound of any one of claims 40-61, wherein D is aryl.
 63. The compound of any one of claims 40-62, wherein D is heteroaryl.
 64. The compound of claim 63, wherein D is selected from

W¹, W², W³, W⁴, and W⁵ are independently selected from N and CR⁹; W⁶ is N or C; and each R⁹ is independently selected from H, halogen, CN, NO₂, alkyl, —SR¹⁰, —OR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)(heteroaryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —C(O)NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(aryl), —C(O)NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹¹, —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(alkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(aryl), —NR¹⁰C(O)O(heteroaryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(alkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(cycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(heterocycloalkyl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(aryl), —NR¹⁰SO₂(heteroaryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹⁰(cycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(heterocycloalkyl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(aryl), —SO₂NR¹⁰(heteroaryl), haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.
 65. The compound of claim 64, wherein D is


66. The compound of claim 64, wherein D is


67. The compound of claim 64, wherein D is


68. The compound of any one of claims 40-67 wherein Y¹ and Y² are O.
 69. The compound of claim 68 wherein m is
 1. 70. The compound of any one of claims 40-69 wherein p is 1, 2, or
 3. 71. The compound of claim 70 wherein p is
 1. 72. The compound of any one of claims 40-71 wherein R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ are hydrogen.
 73. The compound of claim 40 wherein the compound is selected from:


74. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 40-73, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, polymorph, prodrug, metabolite, N-oxide, stereoisomer, or isomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 